{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T22:06:56Z","timestamp":1781215616917,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81772000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81772000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81401534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81401534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82050410449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82050410449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bile duct injury (BDI) and bile tract diseases are regarded as prominent challenges in hepatobiliary surgery due to the risk of severe complications. Hepatobiliary, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal surgery can inadvertently cause iatrogenic BDI. The commonly utilized clinical treatment of BDI is biliary-enteric anastomosis. However, removal of the Oddi sphincter, which serves as a valve control over the unidirectional flow of bile to the intestine, can result in complications such as reflux cholangitis, restenosis of the bile duct, and cholangiocarcinoma. Tissue engineering and biomaterials offer alternative approaches for BDI treatment. Reconstruction of mechanically functional and biomimetic structures to replace bile ducts aims to promote the ingrowth of bile duct cells and realize tissue regeneration of bile ducts. Current research on artificial bile ducts has remained within preclinical animal model experiments. As more research shows artificial bile duct replacements achieving effective mechanical and functional prevention of biliary peritonitis caused by bile leakage or obstructive jaundice after bile duct reconstruction, clinical translation of tissue-engineered bile ducts has become a theoretical possibility. This literature review provides a comprehensive collection of published works in relation to three tissue engineering approaches for biomimetic bile duct construction: mechanical support from scaffold materials, cell seeding methods, and the incorporation of biologically active factors to identify the advancements and current limitations of materials and methods for the development of effective artificial bile ducts that promote tissue regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14237468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T22:18:42Z","timestamp":1638829122000},"page":"7468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Progress and Current Limitations of Materials for Artificial Bile Duct Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-027X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zefeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deling","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7622-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam C.","family":"Midgley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000496432","article-title":"Long-Term Impact of Iatrogenic Bile Duct Injury","volume":"37","author":"Schreuder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. 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