{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T23:26:24Z","timestamp":1777332384679,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]],"date-time":"2021-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urethral stenosis is a pathological condition that consists in the narrowing of the urethral lumen because of the formation of scar tissue. Unfortunately, none of the current surgical approaches represent an optimal solution because of the high stricture recurrence rate. In this context, we preliminarily explored the potential of an insoluble type-I collagen from horse tendon as scaffolding material for the development of innovative devices for the regeneration of injured urethral tracts. Non-porous collagen-based substrates were produced and optimized, in terms of crosslinking density of the macromolecular structure, to either provide mechanical properties compliant with the urinary tract physiological stress and better sustain tissue regeneration. The effect of the adopted crosslinking strategy on the protein integrity and on the substrate physical\u2013chemical, mechanical and biological properties was investigated in comparison with a decellularized matrix from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS patch), an extensively used xenograft licensed for clinical use in urology. The optimized production protocols allowed the preservation of the type I collagen native structure and the realization of a substrate with appealing end-use properties. The biological response, preliminarily investigated by immunofluorescence experiments on human adult renal stem\/progenitor cells until 28 days, showed the formation of a stem-cell monolayer within 14 days and the onset of spheroids within 28 days. These results suggested the great potential of the collagen-based material for the development of scaffolds for urethral plate regeneration and for in vitro cellular studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:29:33Z","timestamp":1639358973000},"page":"7648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Analysis of the Physico-Chemical, Mechanical and Biological Properties of Crosslinked Type-I Collagen from Horse Tendon: Towards the Development of Ideal Scaffolding Material for Urethral Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1810-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunzia","family":"Gallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Lucia","family":"Natali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Typeone Biomaterials, Via Vittorio Veneto 64\/C, 73036 Muro Leccese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2055-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Curci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Picerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2252-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vulpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology and Andrology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplant, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Vitarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology and Andrology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplant, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7718-7676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Ditonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology and Andrology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplant, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9849-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariafrancesca","family":"Cascione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Physics \u201cEnnio De Giorgi\u201d, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5132-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Sallustio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Physics \u201cEnnio De Giorgi\u201d, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sannino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6747-2473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Typeone Biomaterials, Via Vittorio Veneto 64\/C, 73036 Muro Leccese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.01.041","article-title":"Male Urethral Stricture Disease","volume":"177","author":"Santucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"NHS England (2020, December 04). Urology, Specialised Services Clinical Reference Group for Specialised Urology, Clinical Commissioning Policy: Urethroplasty for Benign Urethral Strictures in Adult Men, Available online: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Urethroplasty-for-benign-urethral-strictures-in-adult-men.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"313","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Management of Acquired Urethral Stricture Disease","volume":"35","author":"Watkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2017.12.005","article-title":"A Brief Review on Anterior Urethral Strictures","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.10.043","article-title":"Presenting Symptoms of Anterior Urethral Stricture Disease: A Disease Specific, Patient Reported Questionnaire to Measure Outcomes","volume":"187","author":"Nuss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.01.044","article-title":"The Clinical Spectrum of the Presenting Signs and Symptoms of Anterior Urethral Stricture: Detailed Analysis of a Single Institutional Cohort","volume":"79","author":"Rourke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiter, F., and Jordan, G. (2006). In the Treatment of Urethral Strictures\u2014Review of the Current Literature. Urethral Reconstructive Surgery, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-29385-X"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2018.06.059","article-title":"Population Analysis of Male Urethral Stricture Management and Urethroplasty Success in the United States","volume":"123","author":"Benson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-018-0771-6","article-title":"Endoscopic Management of Urethral Stricture: Review and Practice Algorithm for Management of Male Urethral Stricture Disease","volume":"19","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9046430","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9046430","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review Emphasizing Anatomy, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Male Urethral Stricture Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Verla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Martins, F.E., Simoes de Oliveira, P., and Martins, N.M. (2019). Historical Perspective and Innovations in Penile Urethroplasty. Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction\u2014From Evidence to Clinical Practice, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selim, M., Salem, S., Elsherif, E., Badawy, A., Elshazely, M., and Gawish, M. (2019). Outcome of Staged Buccal Mucosal Graft for Repair of Long Segment Anterior Urethral Stricture. BMC Urol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-019-0466-4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13356","article-title":"Substitution Urethroplasty Using Oral Mucosa Graft for Male Anterior Urethral Stricture Disease: Current Topics and Reviews","volume":"24","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000132846.01144.9f","article-title":"The Morbidity of Buccal Mucosal Graft Harvest for Urethroplasty and the Effect of Nonclosure of the Graft Harvest Site on Postoperative Pain","volume":"172","author":"Wood","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.124222","article-title":"Harvesting Oral Mucosa for One-Stage Anterior Urethroplasty","volume":"30","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2015.04.005","article-title":"Current Trends in Urethral Stricture Management","volume":"1","author":"Hillary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2017.06.010","article-title":"Tissue Engineering for Urinary Tract Reconstruction and Repair: Progress and Prospect in China","volume":"5","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.01.032","article-title":"Structural and Functional Evaluation of Oxygenating Keratin\/Silk Fibroin Scaffold and Initial Assessment of Their Potential for Urethral Tissue Engineering","volume":"84","author":"Lv","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.08.009","article-title":"Urethral Tissue Regeneration Using Collagen Scaffold Modified with Collagen Binding VEGF in a Beagle Model","volume":"69","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.07.033","article-title":"Engineered Acellular Collagen Scaffold for Endogenous Cell Guidance, a Novel Approach in Urethral Regeneration","volume":"43","author":"Pinnagoda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(11)70058-X","article-title":"Biomaterials & Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering","volume":"14","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00421.x","article-title":"The History of Tissue Engineering","volume":"10","author":"Vacanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2010.08.084","article-title":"Collagen Based Scaffold for Biomedical Applications","volume":"150","author":"Sandri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000017","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202000017","article-title":"Sub- and Supramolecular X-Ray Characterization of Engineered Tissues from Equine Tendon, Bovine Dermis and Fish Skin Type-I Collagen","volume":"20","author":"Terzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.007","article-title":"Hyaluronic Acid for Advanced Therapies: Promises and Challenges","volume":"117","author":"Gallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.06.025","article-title":"Elastin as a Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering","volume":"28","author":"Daamen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701042","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701042","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycan and Proteoglycan-Based Biomaterials: Current Trends and Future Perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801651","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201801651","article-title":"The Collagen Suprafamily: From Biosynthesis to Advanced Biomaterial Development","volume":"31","author":"Sorushanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2015.50322","article-title":"Collagen: Animal Sources and Biomedical Application","volume":"5","author":"Silvipriya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12450","article-title":"Collagen: A Review on Its Sources and Potential Cosmetic Applications","volume":"17","author":"Sanchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.082","article-title":"An Insight on Type I Collagen from Horse Tendon for the Manufacture of Implantable Devices","volume":"154","author":"Salvatore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30096","article-title":"Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Collagen","volume":"71","author":"Lynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.3.877","article-title":"The Human Immune Response to Reconstituted Bovine Collagen","volume":"136","author":"Ellingsworth","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70330-3","article-title":"Reactions to a Bovine Collagen Implant: Clinical and Immunologic Study in 705 Patients","volume":"21","author":"Charriere","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallo, N., Natali, M.L., Sannino, A., and Salvatore, L. (2020). An Overview of the Use of Equine Collagen as Emerging Material for Biomedical Applications. J. Funct. Biomater., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb11040079"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000391","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9554.1000391","article-title":"Anti-Age Activity and Tolerance Evaluation of Collagen Micro-Injection Treatment Associated to Topical Application of a Cosmetic Formulation (Investigator-Initiated Multicentre Trial)","volume":"8","author":"Sparavigna","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"414","article-title":"Immunological Safety Evaluation of a Horse Collagen Haemostatic Pad","volume":"51","author":"Bianchini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"802","article-title":"Immunological Safety Evaluation of a Haemostatic Agent and Wound Dressing Made of Horse Collagen Fibrils","volume":"37","author":"Otto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.33899\/rden.2014.160892","article-title":"Clinical and Radiographical Assessment of Topical Application of Collagen Fibrils on Tooth Socket Healing","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Al-Rafidain Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.09.066","article-title":"Influence of Different Collagen Species on Physico-Chemical Properties of Crosslinked Collagen Matrices","volume":"25","author":"Angele","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810372508","article-title":"Review Paper: Pathology of Animal Models of Alphavirus Encephalitis","volume":"47","author":"Steele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, K.T. (2020). Alphaviral Equine Encephalomyelitis (Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan). Infections of the Central Nervous System: Pathology and Genetics, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119467748.ch19"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19786-0","article-title":"Effects of Processing on Structural, Mechanical and Biological Properties of Collagen-Based Substrates for Regenerative Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Terzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35563","article-title":"Ultrastructural Investigation on Fibroblast Interaction with Collagen Scaffold","volume":"104","author":"Taddei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328204039692","article-title":"Adhesion and Proliferation of Human Dermal Fibroblasts on Collagen Matrix","volume":"18","author":"Croce","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, S., Strau\u00df, C., Stoiber, S., Kasper, C., and Charwat, V. (2017). Impact of Source and Manufacturing of Collagen Matrices on Fibroblast Cell Growth and Platelet Aggregation. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10091086"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2016.1217533","article-title":"Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles Embedded in a Micropatterned Collagen Scaffold for Neuronal Tissue Regeneration","volume":"66","author":"Giampetruzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35554","article-title":"Assessment of Collagen Crosslinking and Denaturation for the Design of Regenerative Scaffolds","volume":"104","author":"Madaghiele","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-009-3778-1","article-title":"Collagen- and Gelatine-Based Films Sealing Vascular Prostheses: Evaluation of the Degree of Crosslinking for Optimal Blood Impermeability","volume":"20","author":"Madaghiele","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"4406","article-title":"Crosslinking of Micropatterned Collagen-Based Nerve Guides to Modulate the Expected Half-Life","volume":"102","author":"Salvatore","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041731419896068","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731419896068","article-title":"Biomimetic Gradient Scaffold of Collagen\u2013Hydroxyapatite for Osteochondral Regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Parisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.10.030","article-title":"Sterilization of Collagen Scaffolds Designed for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Effect on Microstructure, Degradation and Cellular Colonization","volume":"71","author":"Monaco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2020.1725755","article-title":"Assessment of Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties of Sericin-Collagen Substrates for PNS Regeneration","volume":"70","author":"Gallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1039\/b401393j","article-title":"Films of Self-Assembled Purely Helical Type I Collagen Molecules","volume":"14","author":"Falini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2006.08.018","article-title":"Intact Collagen and Atelocollagen Sponges: Characterization and ESEM Observation","volume":"27","author":"Ruozi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00203","article-title":"Investigations of Processing\u2013Induced Structural Changes in Horse Type-i Collagen at Sub and Supramolecular Levels","volume":"7","author":"Terzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid","volume":"30","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-016-5763-9","article-title":"Evaluation of Cell Binding to Collagen and Gelatin: A Study of the Effect of 2D and 3D Architecture and Surface Chemistry","volume":"27","author":"Davidenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016029023910","article-title":"Chemical and Swelling Evaluations of Amino Group Crosslinking in Gelatin and Modified Gelatin Matrices","volume":"13","author":"Ofner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-1483.62223","article-title":"Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Gelatin Crosslinking in the Presence of Amino Groups","volume":"2","author":"Kale","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Young Pharm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.061","article-title":"Nile Tilapia Skin Collagen Sponge Modified with Chemical Cross-Linkers as a Biomedical Hemostatic Material","volume":"159","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Flory, P.J. (1953). Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University Press."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33645","article-title":"A Novel Composite Type I Collagen Scaffold with Micropatterned Porosity Regulates the Entrance of Phagocytes in a Severe Model of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"105","author":"Snider","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5b00829","article-title":"Biocompatible Collagen Paramagnetic Scaffold for Controlled Drug Release","volume":"16","author":"Bettini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.12.001","article-title":"The Increase in Denaturation Temperature Following Cross-Linking of Collagen Is Caused by Dehydration of the Fibres","volume":"346","author":"Miles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"11","article-title":"Research and Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Kodre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Rev. J. Pharm. Anal. Differ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(85)90442-7","article-title":"Measurement of Protein Using Bicinchoninic Acid","volume":"150","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6573947","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6573947","article-title":"Potential of Electrospun Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)\/Collagen Blends for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"2018","author":"Salvatore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651480","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3651480","article-title":"Influence of Nanofiber Orientation on Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Chitosan Mats","volume":"2018","author":"Nitti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.05.003","article-title":"Small Diameter Electrospun Silk Fibroin Vascular Grafts: Mechanical Properties, in Vitro Biodegradability, and in Vivo Biocompatibility","volume":"54","author":"Catto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"2","article-title":"Development of Novel, Bioresorbable, Small-Diameter Electrospun Vascular Grafts","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tissue Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08474-0","article-title":"Inhibin-A and Decorin Secreted by Human Adult Renal Stem\/Progenitor Cells Through the TLR2 Engagement Induce Renal Tubular Cell Regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Sallustio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallustio, F., Serino, G., Costantino, V., Curci, C., Cox, S.N., De Palma, G., and Schena, F.P. (2013). MiR-1915 and MiR-1225-5p Regulate the Expression of CD133, PAX2 and TLR2 in Adult Renal Progenitor Cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068296"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-136481","article-title":"TLR2 Plays a Role in the Activation of Human Resident Renal Stem\/Progenitor Cells","volume":"24","author":"Sallustio","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10753","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900351R","article-title":"Renal Progenitor Cells Revert LPS-Induced Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by Secreting CXCL6, SAA4, and BPIFA2 Antiseptic Peptides","volume":"33","author":"Sallustio","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-8130(05)80002-9","article-title":"Effect of Chemical Modifications on the Susceptibility of Collagen to Proteolysis. II. Dehydrothermal Crosslinking","volume":"14","author":"Gorham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2018.1510837","article-title":"Combined Effects of Glutaraldehyde and Riboflavin\/Uv365 on the Self-Assembly of Type I Collagen Molecules Observed with Atomic Force Microscopy","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"US Pharmacopeia Inc. (2020, February 02). USP Monographs: Small Intestinal Submucosa Wound Matrix. Available online: http:\/\/www.pharmacopeia.cn\/v29240\/usp29nf24s0m541.html."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1163\/156856201753395798","article-title":"Mapping of the Distribution of Significant Proteins and Proteoglycans in Small Intestinal Submucosa by Fluorescence Microscopy","volume":"12","author":"Hurst","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.10.013","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Pro-Angiogenic Gel Derived from Small Intestinal Submucosa","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.1996.2.209","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycan Content of Small Intestinal Submucosa: A Bioscaffold for Tissue Replacement","volume":"2","author":"Hodde","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.1998.4.75","article-title":"Characterization of Fibronectin Derived from Small Intestinal Submucosa","volume":"4","author":"McPherson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"173","article-title":"Biochemical and Biomechanical Characterization of Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa (SIS): A Mini Review","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2814","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.2814","article-title":"A Novel Method for Constructing an Acellular 3D Biomatrix from Bovine Spinal Cord for Neural Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"35","author":"Arslan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.06.041","article-title":"Relation between the Tissue Structure and Protein Permeability of Decellularized Porcine Aorta","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2015.9489","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Collagen Scaffolds Reinforced by Eggshell Derived Hydroxyapatite for Tissue Engineering","volume":"15","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2018.1552857","article-title":"Integration of PLGA Microparticles in Collagen-Based Matrices: Tunable Scaffold Properties and Interaction Between Microparticles and Human Epithelial-Like Cells","volume":"69","author":"Gallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b01592","article-title":"Polyethylene-Glycol-Ornamented Small Submucosa Bio-Sponge for Skin Tissue Engineering","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.M., Chou, Y.T., Wen, Z.H., Wang, Z.R., Chen, C.H., and Ho, M.L. (2013). Novel Biodegradable Porous Scaffold Applied to Skin Regeneration. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/4d5ef06d-b800-4d0c-b809-d3cb7a5d00c6"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb2030230","article-title":"The Use of Thermal Techniques for the Characterization and Selection of Natural Biomaterials","volume":"2","author":"Samouillan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00222-7","article-title":"Development of Tailor-Made Collagen\u2013Glycosaminoglycan Matrices: EDC\/NHS Crosslinking, and Ultrastructural Aspects","volume":"21","author":"Pieper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2030323","article-title":"Difference in Thermal Stability of Type-I and Type-III Collagen from Rat Skin","volume":"203","author":"Danielsen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.1976.360150206","article-title":"The Low-temperature Mechanical Relaxation of Elastin. I. The Dry Protein","volume":"15","author":"Pezzin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bose, S., Narayan, R., and Bandyopadhyay, A. (2013). Biomaterials Science: Processing, Properties and Applications III, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118751015"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.02.028","article-title":"Investigating the Morphological, Mechanical and Degradation Properties of Scaffolds Comprising Collagen, Gelatin and Elastin for Use in Soft Tissue Engineering","volume":"10","author":"Grover","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2004.05115.x","article-title":"Urethral Replacement: A Comparison between Small Intestinal Submucosa Grafts and Spontaneous Regeneration","volume":"94","author":"Hafez","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0500-y","article-title":"Urethral Reconstruction with Autologous Urine-Derived Stem Cells Seeded in Three-Dimensional Porous Small Intestinal Submucosa in a Rabbit Model","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00087","article-title":"Development of a Cell-Seeded Modified Small Intestinal Submucosa for Urethroplasty","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.11.059","article-title":"Fundamental Insight into the Effect of Carbodiimide Crosslinking on Cellular Recognition of Collagen-Based Scaffolds","volume":"49","author":"Bax","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"CD006934","article-title":"Simple Urethral Dilatation, Endoscopic Urethrotomy, and Urethroplasty for Urethral Stricture Disease in Adult Men","volume":"12","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.09.006","article-title":"Prediction of Early and Late Complications after Oral Mucosal Graft Harvesting: Multivariable Analysis from a Cohort of 553 Consecutive Patients","volume":"191","author":"Barbagli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.06.087","article-title":"In-Vivo Performance of High-Density Collagen Gel Tubes for Urethral Regeneration in a Rabbit Model","volume":"33","author":"Micol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.09.046","article-title":"Developing Tissue-Engineered Solutions for the Treatment of Extensive Urethral Strictures","volume":"63","author":"Chapple","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32729","article-title":"Evaluation of the Biocompatibility and Mechanical Properties of Naturally Derived and Synthetic Scaffolds for Urethral Reconstruction","volume":"94","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1163\/156856206777996835","article-title":"A Novel Collagen Hydrogel Crosslinked by Gamma-Ray Irradiation in Acidic PH Conditions","volume":"17","author":"Inoue","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Edn."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6795845","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6795845","article-title":"Role of Toll-like Receptors in Actuating Stem\/Progenitor Cell Repair Mechanisms: Different Functions in Different Cells","volume":"2019","author":"Sallustio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1855","article-title":"Actin Stress Fibers\u2014Assembly, Dynamics and Biological Roles","volume":"125","author":"Tojkander","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1613","article-title":"Optimal Matrix Rigidity for Stress Fiber Polarization in Stem Cells","volume":"6","author":"Zemel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140040","article-title":"Mechanotransduction at Cell-Matrix and Cell-Cell Contacts","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0158","article-title":"Role of CD133 Molecule in Wnt Response and Renal Repair","volume":"7","author":"Brossa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/2162-3619-2-17","article-title":"CD133: A Stem Cell Biomarker and Beyond","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0595","article-title":"Kidney Spheroids Recapitulate Tubular Organoids Leading to Enhanced Tubulogenic Potency of Human Kidney-Derived Cells","volume":"17","author":"Buzhor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part. A"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/24\/7648\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:45:56Z","timestamp":1760168756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/14\/24\/7648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma14247648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14247648","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]}}}