{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:17:39Z","timestamp":1780316259618,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52108399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research aims to explore the high-temperature and low-temperature performances of lignin\u2013waste engine oil-modified asphalt binder and its mixture. For this research, the lignin with two contents (4%, 6%) and waste engine oil with two contents (3%, 5%) were adopted to modify the control asphalt binder (PG 58-28). The high-temperature rheological properties of the lignin\u2013waste engine oil-modified asphalt binder were investigated by the viscosity obtained by the Brookfield viscometer and the temperature sweep test by the dynamic shear rheometer. The low-temperature rheological property of the lignin\u2013waste engine oil-modified asphalt binder was evaluated by the stiffness and m-value at two different temperatures (\u221218 \u00b0C, \u221212 \u00b0C) obtained by the bending beam rheometer. The high-temperature and the low-temperature performances of the lignin\u2013waste engine oil-modified asphalt mixture were explored by the rutting test and low-temperature bending beam test. The results displayed that the rotational viscosity and rutting factor improved with the addition of lignin and decreased with the incorporation of waste engine oil. Adding the lignin into the control asphalt binder enhanced the elastic component while adding the waste engine oil lowered the elastic component of the asphalt binder. The stiffness of asphalt binder LO60 could not meet the requirement in the specification, but the waste engine oil made it reach the requirement based on the bending beam rheometer test. The waste engine oil could enhance the low-temperature performance. The dynamic stabilities of LO40- and LO60-modified asphalt mixture increased by about 9.05% and 17.41%, compared to the control mixture, respectively. The maximum tensile strain of LO45 and LO65 increased by 16.39% and 25.28% compared to that of LO40 and LO60, respectively. The high- and low-temperature performances of the lignin\u2013waste engine oil-modified asphalt LO65 was higher than that of the control asphalt. The dynamic stability had a good linear relationship with viscosity, the rutting factor of the unaged at 58 \u00b0C, and the rutting factor of the aged at 58 \u00b0C, while the maximum tensile strain had a good linear relationship with m-value at \u221218 \u00b0C. This research provides a theoretical basis for the further applications of lignin\u2013waste engine oil-modified asphalt.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15010052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T02:01:19Z","timestamp":1640224879000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evaluation of High-Temperature and Low-Temperature Performances of Lignin\u2013Waste Engine Oil Modified Asphalt Binder and Its Mixture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Road Structure and Materials (Xi\u2019an), Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4476-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junfeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Road Structure and Materials (Xi\u2019an), Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Transportation and Civil Engineering Materials, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0477-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Road Structure and Materials (Xi\u2019an), Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.158","article-title":"Rheological properties, storage stability and morphology of CR\/SBS composite modified asphalt by high-cured method","volume":"193","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.198","article-title":"Potential use of waste tire rubber as aggregate in cement concrete\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"225","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.044","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation on comprehensive performance of polyurethane rubber particle mixture","volume":"224","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.064","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of bio-oil on the high-temperature performance of rubber modified asphalt","volume":"191","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012037","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/673\/1\/012037","article-title":"Performance of asphalt concrete mixture (AC-WC) using asphalt added with the waste of rice husk ash","volume":"673","author":"Intari","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.260","article-title":"Durability properties of cleaner cement mortar with by-products of tire recycling","volume":"213","author":"Gheni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"317","article-title":"Effect of mixing sequence on compaction property of hot recycled asphalt mixtures","volume":"52","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. J. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2016.1189349","article-title":"Laboratory investigation of hot mix asphalt containing waste materials","volume":"18","author":"Arabani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.048","article-title":"Research on properties of bio-asphalt binders based on time and frequency sweep test","volume":"160","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Wang, H., You, Z., Hasan, M.R.M., Lei, Y., and Irfan, M. (2018). Rheological Behavior and Sensitivity of Wood-Derived Bio-Oil Modified Asphalt Binders. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8060919"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-020-8102-4","article-title":"Effects of DOPO-Grafted Epoxidized Soybean Oil on Fracture Toughness and Flame Retardant of Epoxy Resin\/Rice Husk Silica Hybrid","volume":"28","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.080","article-title":"Durability and microstructure properties of SBR-modified concrete containing recycled asphalt pavement","volume":"185","author":"Shadmani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1021\/i300011a022","article-title":"Use of byproduct lignins as extenders in asphalt","volume":"22","author":"Sundstrom","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11559","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00155","article-title":"Catalytic Transformation of Lignin for the Production of Chemicals and Fuels","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.03.008","article-title":"Lignin utilization: A review of lignin depolymerization from various aspects","volume":"107","author":"Chio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(00)00230-3","article-title":"Chemoenzymatical grafting of acrylamide onto lignin","volume":"79","author":"Mai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.05.050","article-title":"Biomass resources and biofuels potential for the production of transportation fuels in Nigeria","volume":"63","author":"Manovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.012","article-title":"A first-principles based chemophysical environment for studying lignins as an asphalt antioxidant","volume":"36","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117063","article-title":"High-temperature rheological behavior and fatigue performance of lignin modified asphalt binder","volume":"230","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.10.010","article-title":"High-temperature, low-temperature and weathering aging performance of lignin modified asphalt binders","volume":"111","author":"Batista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b03064","article-title":"Lignin as Renewable and Superior Asphalt Binder Modifier","volume":"5","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.238","article-title":"Sustainable lignin to enhance asphalt binder oxidative aging properties and mix properties","volume":"217","author":"Arafat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119977","article-title":"High temperature property and modification mechanism of asphalt containing waste engine oil bottom","volume":"261","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.126","article-title":"Waste engine oil influences on chemical and rheological properties of different asphalt binders","volume":"191","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.020","article-title":"Evaluation of the ageing behaviour of waste engine oil-modified asphalt binders","volume":"223","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2010.488729","article-title":"X-ray fluorescence detection of waste engine oil residue in asphalt and its effect on cracking in service","volume":"11","author":"Hesp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2016.1266754","article-title":"Performance evaluation of REOB-modified asphalt binders and mixtures","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"China, M.o.C.o.t.P.s.R.o (2004). Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Asphalt Pavements, China Communications Press Co., Ltd."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"China, M.o.C.o.t.P.s.R.o (2011). Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixture for Highway Engineering, China Communications Press Co., Ltd."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116985","article-title":"Waste cooking oil as an asphalt rejuvenator: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"230","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/1\/52\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:51:08Z","timestamp":1760169068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/1\/52"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15010052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15010052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]}}}