{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:44:48Z","timestamp":1789001088264,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biodegradation is a method of effectively removing petroleum hydrocarbons from the natural environment. This research focuses on the biodegradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons, monoaromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and all three xylene isomers (BTEX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a result of soil inoculation with a biopreparation A1 based on autochthonous microorganisms and a biopreparation A1 with the addition of \u03b3-PGA. The research used biopreparation A1 made of the following strains: Dietzia sp. IN133, Gordonia sp. IN138\u00a0Mycolicibacterium frederiksbergense\u00a0IN53, Rhodococcus erythropolis\u00a0IN119, Rhodococcus sp. IN136 and Pseudomonas sp. IN132. The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions (microbiological tests, respirometric tests, and in semi-technical conditions (ex-situ prism method). The biodegradation efficiency was assessed on the basis of respirometric tests, chromatographic analyses and toxicological tests. As a result of inoculation of AB soil with the biopreparation A1 within 6 months, a reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (66.03%), BTEX (80.08%) and PAHs (38.86%) was achieved and its toxicity was reduced. Inoculation of AB soil with the biopreparation A1 with the addition of \u03b3-PGA reduced the concentration of TPH, BTEX and PAHs by 79.21%, 90.19%, and 51.18%, respectively, and reduced its toxicity. The conducted research has shown that the addition of \u03b3-PGA affects the efficiency of the biodegradation process of petroleum pollutants, increasing the degree of TPH biodegradation by 13.18%, BTEX by 10.11% and PAHs by 12.32% compared to pure biopreparation A1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15020400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T01:14:02Z","timestamp":1641518042000},"page":"400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Biopreparation in Combination with the Polymer \u03b3-PGA for the Biodegradation of Petroleum Contaminants in Soil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0599-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Wojtowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oil and Gas Institute\u2014National Research Institute, Lubicz 25 A, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9687-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Steliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oil and Gas Institute\u2014National Research Institute, Lubicz 25 A, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4576-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kapusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oil and Gas Institute\u2014National Research Institute, Lubicz 25 A, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3951-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Brzeszcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oil and Gas Institute\u2014National Research Institute, Lubicz 25 A, 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6059-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Skalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steliga, T., and Kluk, D. 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