{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:05:24Z","timestamp":1790431524967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0071\/20-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0071\/20-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the rising concentration of toxic nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the air, effective methods of NOx removal have been extensively studied recently. In the present study, the first developed WO3\/S-doped g-C3N4 nanocomposite was synthesized using a facile method to remove NOx in air efficiently. The photocatalytic tests performed in a newly designed continuous-flow photoreactor with an LED array and online monitored NO2 and NO system allowed the investigation of photocatalyst layers at the pilot scale. The WO3\/S-doped-g-C3N4 nanocomposite, as well as single components, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller surface area analysis (BET), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy method (XPS), UV\u2013vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DR\/UV\u2013vis), and photoluminescence spectroscopy with charge carriers\u2019 lifetime measurements. All materials exhibited high efficiency in photocatalytic NO2 conversion, and 100% was reached in less than 5 min of illumination under simulated solar light. The effect of process parameters in the experimental setup together with WO3\/S-doped g-C3N4 photocatalysts was studied in detail. Finally, the stability of the composite was tested in five subsequent cycles of photocatalytic degradation. The WO3\/S-doped g-C3N4 was stable in time and did not undergo deactivation due to the blocking of active sites on the photocatalyst\u2019s surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15020633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:45:21Z","timestamp":1642365921000},"page":"633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pilot-Scale Studies of WO3\/S-Doped g-C3N4 Heterojunction toward Photocatalytic NOx Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0518-7508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Kowalki\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Processing Engineering and Chemical Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gda\u0144sk, Gabriela Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Fiszka Borzyszkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Processing Engineering and Chemical Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gda\u0144sk, Gabriela Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"EcoTech Center, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8513-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Grzeg\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Processing Engineering and Chemical Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gda\u0144sk, Gabriela Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9322-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Karczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2566-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"G\u0142uchowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Low Temperature and Structural Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"\u0141api\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1365-5351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Sawczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9830-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zieli\u0144ska-Jurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Processing Engineering and Chemical Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gda\u0144sk, Gabriela Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"EcoTech Center, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, G. 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