{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:02:28Z","timestamp":1778904148604,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper describes the method for producing WC-10wt%Co hard alloy with 99.6% of the theoretical density and a Vickers hardness of ~1400 HV 0.5. Experimental data on densification dynamics, phase composition, morphology, mechanical properties, and grain size distribution of WC-10%wtCo using spark plasma sintering (SPS) within the range of 1000\u20131200 \u00b0C are presented. The high quality of the product is provided by the advanced method of high-speed powder mixture SPS-consolidation at achieving a high degree of densification with minimal calculated grain growth at 1200 \u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15031091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:08Z","timestamp":1643593568000},"page":"1091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Spark Plasma Sintering of WC-Based 10wt%Co Hard Alloy: A Study of Sintering Kinetics and Solid-Phase Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9896-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia A.","family":"Buravleva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Fedorets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia A.","family":"Vornovskikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey V.","family":"Ognev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Spin-Orbitronics, Institute of High Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria A.","family":"Nepomnyushchaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir N.","family":"Sakhnevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0436-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksey O.","family":"Lembikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zlata E.","family":"Kornakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olesya V.","family":"Kapustina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Tarabanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor P.","family":"Reva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3944-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor Yu.","family":"Buravlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ettmayer, P., Kolaska, H., and Ortner, H.M. (2014). History of hardmetals. Comprehensive Hard Materials, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-096527-7.00001-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2006.12.046","article-title":"Wear mechanisms in abrasion and erosion of WC\/Co and related hardmetals","volume":"263","author":"Gee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo, A., Goel, S., Grilli, M.L., Iglesias, R., Jaworska, L., Lapkovskis, V., Novak, P., Postolnyi, B.O., and Valerini, D. (2020). The critical raw materials in cutting tools for machining applications: A review. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13061377"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2020.105356","article-title":"Ablation resistance of tungsten carbide cermets under extreme conditions","volume":"93","author":"Ramanujam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2018.06.027","article-title":"A candidate fusion engineering material, WC-FeCr","volume":"155","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2018.05.008","article-title":"Sintering of tungsten carbide cermets with an iron-based ternary alloy binder: Processing and thermodynamic considerations","volume":"76","author":"Pittari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/57\/3\/036001","article-title":"Modelling the power deposition into a spherical tokamak fusion power plant","volume":"57","author":"Windsor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"076014","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/aabdb0","article-title":"Design of cemented tungsten carbide and boride-containing shields for a fusion power plant","volume":"58","author":"Windsor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.131117","article-title":"Microstructure and properties of WC-Ni3Al composite coatings fabricated by non-vacuum electron beam cladding","volume":"308","author":"Krylova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-019-04153-5","article-title":"Effects of holding time on the sintering of cemented tungsten carbide powder and bonding with high-strength steel wire","volume":"28","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"537","article-title":"Wear behavior of Fe-WC\/metal double layer coatings fabricated by resistance seamweld method","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jinshu Xuebao Acta Metall. Sin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1134\/S1027451020030076","article-title":"Development of diamond\u2013metal compositions for diamond tools","volume":"14","author":"Kozyrev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Surf. Investig. X-ray Synchrotron Neutron Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1134\/S2075113321060228","article-title":"The structure and microhardness of binding for diamond tools based on tungsten carbide obtained by impregnation with an iron\u2013carbon melt","volume":"12","author":"Sharin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.3103\/S1067821219060208","article-title":"Growth features of diamond films on the tungsten carbide surface with a copper sublayer","volume":"60","author":"Vokhmyanin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Russ. J. Non-Ferrous Met."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radek, N., Pietraszek, J., G\u0105dek-Moszczak, A., Orman, \u0141.J., and Szczotok, A. (2020). The morphology and mechanical properties of ESD coatings before and after laser beam machining. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13102331"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025023","DOI":"10.1088\/2051-672X\/ab9450","article-title":"Structure and properties of pulse electrodeposited Cr\u2013WC coating","volume":"8","author":"Yadlapalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Topogr. Metrol. Prop."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2020.105343","article-title":"Vacuumless synthesis of tungsten carbide in a self-shielding atmospheric plasma of DC arc discharge","volume":"93","author":"Pak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-019-00962-x","article-title":"Electrochemical behavior of tungsten carbide-cobalt alloy using molten hydroxide as electrolyte under low temperature","volume":"22","author":"Kamimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2020.105199","article-title":"Evaluation of the mechanical properties of WC-FeAl composite coating fabricated by laser cladding method","volume":"88","author":"Mostajeran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.03.077","article-title":"Effect of bimodal WC particle size and binder composition on the morphology of WC grains in WC\u2013Co\u2013Ni3Al cemented carbides","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.152547","article-title":"SPS hard metal alloy WC-8Ni-8Fe fabrication based on mechanochemical synthetic tungsten carbide powder","volume":"816","author":"Shichalin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2021.105725","article-title":"Comparative study of WC-based hard alloys fabrication via spark plasma sintering using Co, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Ti binders","volume":"102","author":"Shichalin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2021.105652","article-title":"Effect of nickel on the formation of \u03b3\/\u03b3\u2032 microstructures in WC\/Co-Ni\u2013Al\u2013W","volume":"100","author":"Edtmaier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3103\/S1063457621050051","article-title":"Structure and properties of WC\u2013Co composites with different CrB2 concentrations, sintered by vacuum hot pressing, for drill bits","volume":"43","author":"Ratov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Superhard Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.04.065","article-title":"Influence of WC content on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mo2FeB2-based cermets fabricated by multi-step sintering","volume":"47","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2011.02.004","article-title":"Cemented carbide phase diagrams: A review","volume":"29","author":"Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2005.07.002","article-title":"Rapid sintering of ultrafine WC\u2013Ni cermets","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11148-013-9596-5","article-title":"Formation of hard alloy VK8 using tungsten carbide powder synthesized by mechanochemical technology","volume":"54","author":"Reva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Refract. Ind. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samokhin, A., Alekseev, N., Astashov, A., Dorofeev, A., Fadeev, A., Sinayskiy, M., and Kalashnikov, Y. (2021). Preparation of W\u2013C\u2013Co composite micropowder with spherical shaped particles using plasma technologies. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154258"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096504","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/abb0d6","article-title":"Production of ultrafine-grained spherical \u03b2-WC\u2013W2C\u2013Co microparticles by electro discharge erosion of WC\u201315Co alloy in glycerol and their solutions","volume":"7","author":"Dvornik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1134\/S2075113321020416","article-title":"Effect of energy on the phase composition of the product of arc discharge synthesis in the tungsten\u2013carbon system obtained in a self-shielding autonomous gas environment","volume":"12","author":"Pak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2016.07.002","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties and of pulse plasma compacted WC\u2013Co","volume":"60","author":"Raihanuzzaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(16)64390-X","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of WC\u2013Co, WC\u2013Co\u2013Cr3C2 and WC\u2013Co\u2013TaC cermets fabricated by spark plasma sintering","volume":"26","author":"SIWAK","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.07.100","article-title":"Effect of Co content on microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine grained WC\u2013Co cemented carbide sintered by spark plasma sintering","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-05186-1","article-title":"Perspectives on the spark plasma sintering process","volume":"56","author":"Munir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1134\/S1087659618060159","article-title":"Spark plasma sintering of special-purpose functional ceramics based on UO2, ZrO2, Fe3O4\/\u03b1-Fe2O3","volume":"44","author":"Papynov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glas. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2011.10.119","article-title":"Ultrafine WC\u2013Ni cemented carbides fabricated by spark plasma sintering","volume":"532","author":"Rong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"830","article-title":"Field-assisted sintering technology\/spark plasma sintering: Mechanisms, materials, and technology developments","volume":"16","author":"Guillon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3103\/S1061386217030037","article-title":"Combustion synthesis and the electric field: A review","volume":"26","author":"Morsi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Self-Propagating High-Temp. Synth."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1179\/003258902225007041","article-title":"Spark plasma sintering as advanced PM sintering method","volume":"45","author":"Mamedov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Powder Metall."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"3610","article-title":"Variation in strength, hardness, and fracture toughness in transition from medium-grained to ultrafine hard alloy","volume":"27","author":"Dvornik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Russ. J. Non-Ferrous Met."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.01.057","article-title":"Effects of metal binder content and carbide grain size on the microstructure and properties of SPS manufactured WC\u2013Fe composites","volume":"784","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995078015030040","article-title":"Sparking plasma sintering of tungsten carbide nanopowders","volume":"10","author":"Blagoveshchenskiy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Russ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3103\/S1067821214060066","article-title":"High-speed electropulse plasma sintering of nanostructured tungsten carbide: Part 1. Experiment","volume":"55","author":"Blagoveshchenskii","year":"2014","journal-title":"Russ. J. Non-Ferrous Met."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.03.035","article-title":"Spark plasma sintering of tungsten carbide nanopowders obtained through DC arc plasma synthesis","volume":"708","author":"Blagoveshchenskiy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cossms.2020.100868","article-title":"What\u2019s new in ceramics sintering? A short report on the latest trends and future prospects","volume":"24","author":"Biesuz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.12.146","article-title":"Fabrication of magnesium-boron carbide metal matrix composite by powder metallurgy route: Comparison between microwave and spark plasma sintering","volume":"697","author":"Ghasali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-6555-2","article-title":"The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials: A review of the spark plasma sintering method","volume":"41","author":"Munir","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995078017010086","article-title":"Spark plasma sintering as a high-tech approach in a new generation of synthesis of nanostructured functional ceramics","volume":"12","author":"Papynov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Russ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.07.249","article-title":"Spark plasma sintering of nanopowders in the CeO2-Y2O3 system as a promising approach to the creation of nanocrystalline intermediate-temperature solid electrolytes","volume":"44","author":"Simonenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1134\/S1028335815070095","article-title":"Preparation and investigation of ultrafine-grained tungsten carbide with high hardness and fracture toughness","volume":"60","author":"Blagoveshchenskii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dokl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063785015040203","article-title":"High-strength ultrafine-grained tungsten-carbide-based materials obtained by spark plasma sintering","volume":"41","author":"Blagoveshchenskii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tech. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.10.189","article-title":"Mechanical and microstructural properties of WC-based cermets: A comparative study on the effect of Ni and Mo binder phases","volume":"44","author":"Ghasali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11106-015-9670-2","article-title":"Nanostructured sintered WC\u2013Co hard metals (review)","volume":"53","author":"Panov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Powder Metall. Met. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1134\/S1066362218040045","article-title":"Synthesis of high-density pellets of uranium dioxide by spark plasma sintering in dies of different types","volume":"60","author":"Papynov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiochemistry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036023620020138","article-title":"Reactive spark plasma synthesis of porous bioceramic wollastonite","volume":"65","author":"Papynov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Russ. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1134\/S2075113315050032","article-title":"Methods of compacting nanostructured tungsten\u2013cobalt alloys from Nanopowders obtained by plasma chemical synthesis","volume":"6","author":"Blagoveshchenskiy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3390\/ceramics4020025","article-title":"A study of the impact of graphite on the kinetics of SPS in nano- and submicron WC-10%Co powder compositions","volume":"4","author":"Lantcev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceramics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.08.093","article-title":"The effects of metallic additives on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC\u2013Co cermets prepared by microwave sintering","volume":"46","author":"Ghasali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.09.272","article-title":"Influence of oxygen on densification kinetics of WC nanopowders during SPS","volume":"47","author":"Lantsev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2020.105385","article-title":"WC-5TiC-10Co hard metal alloy fabrication via mechanochemical and SPS techniques","volume":"94","author":"Buravlev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2020.04.040","article-title":"Sol-gel (template) synthesis of osteoplastic CaSiO3\/HAp powder biocomposite: \u201cIn vitro\u201d and \u201cin vivo\u201d biocompatibility assessment","volume":"367","author":"Papynov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.10.164","article-title":"Synthesis of amorphous KAlSi3O8 for cesium radionuclide immobilization into solid matrices using spark plasma sintering technique","volume":"48","author":"Yarusova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.09.045","article-title":"Application of carbonaceous template for porous structure control of ceramic composites based on synthetic wollastonite obtained via Spark Plasma Sintering","volume":"41","author":"Papynov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2018.08.044","article-title":"A complex approach to assessing porous structure of structured ceramics obtained by SPS technique","volume":"145","author":"Papynov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036023621050168","article-title":"Spark plasma sintering-reactive synthesis of SiC and SiC\u2013HfB2 ceramics based on natural renewable raw materials","volume":"66","author":"Shapkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russ. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2020.109628","article-title":"Spark plasma sintering-reactive synthesis of SrWO4 ceramic matrices for 90Sr immobilization","volume":"180","author":"Papynov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036023621050132","article-title":"Synthesis of perovskite-like SrTiO3 ceramics for radioactive strontium immobilization by spark plasma sintering-reactive synthesis","volume":"66","author":"Papynov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russ. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036023621090114","article-title":"Synthesis of mineral-like SrWO4 ceramics with the scheelite structure and a radioisotope product based on it","volume":"66","author":"Papynov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russ. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036023618110177","article-title":"Impact of a supersonic dissociated air flow on the surface of HfB2\u201330 vol % SiC UHTC produced by the Sol\u2013Gel method","volume":"63","author":"Simonenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Russ. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036023618040186","article-title":"Study of the thermal behavior of wedge-shaped samples of HfB2\u201345 vol % SiC ultra-high-temperature composite in a high-enthalpy air flow","volume":"63","author":"Simonenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Russ. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036023617060213","article-title":"Thin films of the composition 8% Y2O3\u201392% ZrO2 (8YSZ) as gas-sensing materials for oxygen detection","volume":"62","author":"Simonenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Russ. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.05.231","article-title":"Synthesis of BaCe0.9xZrxY0.1O3 nanopowders and the study of proton conductors fabricated on their basis by low-temperature spark plasma sintering","volume":"44","author":"Simonenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.02.016","article-title":"SPS technique for ionizing radiation source fabrication based on dense cesium-containing core","volume":"369","author":"Papynov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040020","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4998093","article-title":"Transparent 4 at% Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 ceramic by reactive spark plasma sintering","volume":"Volume 1874","author":"Kosyanov","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2018.03.042","article-title":"Spark plasma sintering of high-density fine-grained Y2.5Nd0.5Al5O12+SiC composite ceramics","volume":"103","author":"Golovkina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000482","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202000482","article-title":"Phase formation and densification peculiarities of Hf\u2013C\u2013N solid solution ceramics during reactive spark plasma sintering","volume":"22","author":"Zavjalov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.110883","article-title":"Al2O3\u2013Ce:YAG and Al2O3\u2013Ce:(Y,Gd)AG composite ceramics for high brightness lighting: Effect of microstructure","volume":"172","author":"Kosyanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1969.tb11975.x","article-title":"Average grain size in polycrystalline ceramics","volume":"52","author":"Mendelson","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Rahaman, M.N. (2003). Ceramic Processing and Sintering, Dekker."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2010.03862.x","article-title":"Spark plasma sintering densification mechanism for cemented carbides with different WC particle sizes","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/3\/1091\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:34Z","timestamp":1760134294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/3\/1091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15031091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15031091","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]}}}