{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T07:27:21Z","timestamp":1781249241193,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qianfeng Fang","award":["2017YFA0402800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0402800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tensile properties and microstructure changes under different stress states of tempered 9Cr-F\/M steel were characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vickers hardness tester, and tensile tester. This tempered steel has a typical lath martensite structure with only a few polygonal ferrites embedded, and M23C6 and MX phases nucleated on the lath boundaries or within the sub-grains. At elevated temperatures, the strength of the steel decreases. However, the elongation at 400 \u00b0C is lower than that at room temperature. For the necking zone, tensile deformation made the grain elongated to the direction of applied stress and thus the grain\u2019s cross-section becomes smaller. For samples with rectangular working area cross-section, the deformation in the TD direction was more severe than that in the ND direction, which made the grain elongated in the TD direction. These results can provide some guidance for composition optimization of the 9Cr-F\/M steel and facilitate a better understanding of the fracture mechanism under different stress states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15031248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:37:48Z","timestamp":1644363468000},"page":"1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Microstructures and Tensile Properties of 9Cr-F\/M Steel at Elevated Temperatures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0058-1664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Scinece Island Branch, Graduate School of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinggang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4943-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junfeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Lu\u2019an Branch, Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology, Lu\u2019an 237100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoming","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Reactor Fuel and Materials Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianfeng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(09)70294-9","article-title":"Structural materials for fission & fusion energy","volume":"12","author":"Zinkle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. 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