{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:02:50Z","timestamp":1790506970951,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper is dedicated to the numerical analysis of a single-step joint, enabling the prediction of stiffness and failure modes of both single- and double-step joints. An experimental analysis of the geometrically simplest version, the single-step joint, serves as a reference for the calibration of the subsequent finite element model. The inhomogeneous and anisotropic properties of solid timber make detailed modelling computationally intensive and strongly dependent on the respective specimen. Therefore, the authors present a strategy for simplified but still appropriate modelling for the prediction of local failure at certain load levels. The used mathematical approach is based on the linear elasticity theory and orthotropic material properties. The finite element calculations are performed in the environment of the software Abaqus FEA. The calibrated numerical model shows a good conformity until first failures occur. It allows for a satisfactory quantification of the stiffness of the connection and estimation of the force when local failure begins and is, therefore, recommended for future, non-destructive research of timber connections of various shapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15051639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:34:30Z","timestamp":1645569270000},"page":"1639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Calibration and Validation of a Linear-Elastic Numerical Model for Timber Step Joints Based on the Results of Experimental Investigations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0185-4521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Braun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Structural Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6983-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Pe\u0142czy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2688-8442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Al Sabouni-Zawadzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3416-8146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kromoser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Structural Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2016.07.002","article-title":"CO2, the greenhouse effect and global warming: From the pioneering work of Arrhenius and Callendar to today\u2019s Earth System Models","volume":"40","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endeavour"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme (2021, November 06). 2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction. 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