{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:21:14Z","timestamp":1790529674151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heraeus (Germany)","award":["GCM-18579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCM-18579"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The design of novel biomaterials should directly influence the host-immune system and steer it towards high biocompatibility. To date, new implants\/materials have been tested for biocompatibility in vitro in cell cultures and in vivo in animal models. The current methods do not reflect reality (cell cultures) or are very time-consuming and deliver results only after weeks (animal model). In this proof-of-concept study, the suitability of a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay (WBSA) in combination with a Protein Profiler Array (PPA), as a readily available and cost-effective screening tool, was investigated. Three different biomaterials based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), calcium sulphate\/-carbonate (CS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were exposed to native whole blood from three volunteers and subsequently screened with a PPA. Individual reproducible protein profiles could be detected for all three materials after 24 h of incubation. The most intense reaction resulted from the use of PLGA, followed by CS. If even marginal differences in implants can be reflected in protein profiles, the combination of WBSA and PPA could serve as an early biocompatibility screening tool in the development of novel biomaterials. This may also lead to a reduction in costs and the amount of animal testing required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T22:15:04Z","timestamp":1647468904000},"page":"2195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Early Immune Response in Foreign Body Reaction Is Implant\/Material Specific"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"S\u00f6hling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Ondreka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Kontradowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Reichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heraeus Medical GmbH, 61273 Wehrheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Marzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9728-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Henrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.07.027","article-title":"On the nature of biomaterials","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5671","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8095269","article-title":"Macrophages, foreign body giant cells and their response to implantable biomaterials","volume":"8","author":"Sheikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.01.023","article-title":"Biomaterial-associated thrombosis: Roles of coagulation factors, complement, platelets and leukocytes","volume":"25","author":"Gorbet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.06.020","article-title":"The role of complement in biomaterial-induced inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Nilsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. 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