{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T11:20:53Z","timestamp":1768735253565,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK 2495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-18_EURE-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18_EURE-0017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Finding a non-destructive characterization method for cellular ceramics\u2019 compressive strength and fracture behavior has been a challenge for material scientists for years. However, for transparent materials, internal stresses can be determined by the non-destructive photoelastic measurements. We propose a novel approach to correlate the photoelastic stresses of polymer (epoxy resin) prototypes with the mechanical properties of ceramics (alumina). Regular and inverse epoxy honeycombs were 3D-printed via stereolithography with varying structure angles from \u221235\u00b0 to 35\u00b0, with negative angles forming an auxetic and positive hexagonal lattice. Photoelastic measurements under mechanical loading revealed regions of excess stress, which directly corresponded to the initial fracture points of the ceramic honeycombs. These honeycombs were made by a combination of 3D printing and transfer molding from alumina. The photoelastic stress distribution was much more homogeneous for angles of a smaller magnitude, which led to highly increased compressive strengths of up to 446 \u00b1 156 MPa at 0\u00b0. By adapting the geometric structural model from Gibson and Ashby, we showed that we could use a non-destructive technique to determine the compressive strength of alumina honeycombs from the median photoelastic stress measured on similar epoxy honeycomb structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T23:30:23Z","timestamp":1647991823000},"page":"2361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Advanced Estimation of Compressive Strength and Fracture Behavior in Ceramic Honeycombs by Polarimetry Measurements of Similar Epoxy Resin Honeycombs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"David","family":"K\u00f6llner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering (Glass and Ceramics), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bastien","family":"Tolve-Granier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciences and Technologies Faculty of Limoges, 87060 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swantje","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering (Glass and Ceramics), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9315-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken-ichi","family":"Kakimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Research Institute for Materials Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6217-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Fey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering (Glass and Ceramics), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Frontier Research Institute for Materials Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X08099605","article-title":"In-plane Tensile Behavior of Shape Memory Alloy Honeycombs with Positive and Negative Poisson\u2019s Ratio","volume":"20","author":"Hassan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1126\/science.235.4792.1038","article-title":"Foam Structures with a Negative Poisson\u2019s Ratio","volume":"235","author":"Lakes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2012.02.012","article-title":"Seeing auxetic materials from the mechanics point of view: A structural review on the negative Poisson\u2019s ratio","volume":"58","author":"Prawoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JMSC.0000026928.93231.e0","article-title":"Review on auxetic materials","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100536","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202100536","article-title":"Deformation Behavior of 2D Composite Cellular Lattices of Ceramic Building Blocks and Epoxy Resin","volume":"24","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15017","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/1\/015017","article-title":"Mechanical and electrical strain response of a piezoelectric auxetic PZT lattice structure","volume":"25","author":"Fey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201000140","article-title":"Hexagonal Honeycombs with Zero Poisson\u2019s Ratios and Enhanced Stiffness","volume":"12","author":"Grima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4361(79)90021-1","article-title":"A theoretical approach to the deformation of honeycomb based composite materials","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"1979","journal-title":"Composites"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.2514\/8.7765","article-title":"Poisson\u2019s Ratio for Honeycomb Sandwich Cores","volume":"25","author":"Hoffman","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8223(96)00054-2","article-title":"Models for the elastic deformation of honeycombs","volume":"35","author":"Masters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2007.08.009","article-title":"The effect of honeycomb relative density on its effective in-plane elastic moduli: An experimental study","volume":"84","author":"Balawi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1243\/0309324001514152","article-title":"Numerical and experimental uniaxial loading on in-plane auxetic honeycombs","volume":"35","author":"Scarpa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2005.09.035","article-title":"A novel centresymmetric honeycomb composite structure","volume":"71","author":"Bezazi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111239","article-title":"Positive, zero and negative Poisson\u2019s ratio non-stochastic metallic cellular solids: Dependence between static and dynamic mechanical properties","volume":"226","author":"Carneiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, L.J., and Ashby, M.F. (1997). Cellular Solids, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139878326"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2011.08.004","article-title":"Identification of a crack propagation law by digital image correlation","volume":"36","author":"Mathieu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2012.06.010","article-title":"High resolution digital image correlation measurements of strain accumulation in fatigue crack growth","volume":"57","author":"Carroll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40069-020-00400-5","article-title":"Experimental Study on Crack Propagation of Concrete Under Various Loading Rates with Digital Image Correlation Method","volume":"14","author":"Bu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40069-020-00427-8","article-title":"Crack Propagation Analysis of Synthetic vs. Steel vs. Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Digital Image Correlation Technique","volume":"14","author":"Bhosale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201300034","article-title":"Photoelastic Imaging of Residual Stress Distribution in Epoxy Interface Layers of Ceramics with Periodic Building-Block Structure","volume":"15","author":"Fey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(64)90021-6","article-title":"Photoelastic investigation of brittle crack growth within a field of uniaxial compression","volume":"1","author":"Bombolakis","year":"1964","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02325114","article-title":"An investigation of propagating cracks by dynamic photoelasticity","volume":"10","author":"Bradley","year":"1970","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02321014","article-title":"Photoelasticity in fracture mechanics","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02324202","article-title":"A system of modified epoxies for dynamic photoelastic studies of fracture","volume":"17","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0039-2103.2002.00004.x","article-title":"Digital Photoelasticity: Principles, Practice and Potential","volume":"38","author":"Patterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Strain"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.03.017","article-title":"Digital photoelasticity of glass: A comprehensive review","volume":"87","author":"Ramesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"MacKenzie, H.W., and Hand, R.J. (1999). Basic Optical Stress Measurement in Glass, Society of Glass Technology."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.21276\/sjet.2016.4.7.5","article-title":"Image Processing Algorithm for Fringe Analysis in Photoelasticity","volume":"4","author":"Alsiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"SJET"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Telle, R. (2007). Keramik, Springer. [7th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-49469-0"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10212","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00074","article-title":"Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing","volume":"117","author":"Ligon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.11.034","article-title":"3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, January 24). OpenSCAD. Available online: https:\/\/openscad.org\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.15586","article-title":"Automated 3D assembly of periodic alumina-epoxy composite structures","volume":"101","author":"Biggemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.09.008","article-title":"Modular ceramic scaffolds for individual implants","volume":"80","author":"Biggemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1978.070220621","article-title":"Interrelation of mechanical and optical properties of plasticized epoxy polymers","volume":"22","author":"Theocaris","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01972534","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of epoxy resins derived from creep and relaxation tests at different temperatures","volume":"2","author":"Theocaris","year":"1962","journal-title":"Rheol Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.17.000750","article-title":"Isochromatic fringes in photoelasticity","volume":"17","author":"Aben","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-8166(97)00105-X","article-title":"Data acquisition techniques in digital photoelasticity: A review","volume":"30","author":"Ramesh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1520\/JTE12306J","article-title":"Photoelastic Evaluation of Stress Fields and Fracture During Dynamic Splitting Experiments","volume":"30","author":"Petersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Test. Eval."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-9166(16)30267-1","article-title":"Dynamic Crushing Strength Analysis of Auxetic Honeycombs","volume":"29","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Solida Sin."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.201083980","article-title":"Modelling of hexagonal honeycombs exhibiting zero Poisson\u2019s ratio","volume":"248","author":"Attard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/7\/2361\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:41:09Z","timestamp":1760136069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/7\/2361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15072361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15072361","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]}}}