{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:36:02Z","timestamp":1777984562697,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Municipal landfills generate a significant amount of high-energy biogas, which can be used as a renewable gaseous fuel. However, it is necessary to improve the quality of this biogas due to the presence of various chemical compounds. The most common pollutants in landfill biogas include volatile compounds of silicon, sulphur, phosphorus and chlorine. The aforementioned elements, as well as other metals, were found both in the deposits and in the engine oil. The paper presents detailed characteristics of the solid residues formed in selected parts of gas engines powered by landfill biogas. Its elemental composition and morphology were investigated in order to determine the structure and influence of these deposits. In order to better understand the observed features, selected analyses were also conducted for biogas, engine oil and the condensate generated during biogas dewatering. It was found that the content of individual elements in samples collected from the same part of the gas engine but sourced from various landfills vary. The occurrence of elements in deposits, e.g., Mg, Zn, P and Cr, depends on the location of sampling sites and the type of engine. It was also observed that the deposits formed in parts that come into contact with both biogas and engine oil contain Ca or Zn, which can be related to biogas pollutants as well as different oil additives. The presence of Al, Fe, Cu, Cr, Sn or Pb in selected motor oil samples can be explained by the penetration of metallic abrasives, which confirms the abrasive properties of the formed deposits. The analysis of the characteristic deposits may contribute to the selection of an appropriate landfill biogas purification technology, thus reducing the operating costs of energy cogeneration systems. Finally, we highlight challenges for biogas purification processes and anticipate the direction of future work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T23:31:43Z","timestamp":1648164703000},"page":"2408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Biogas Pollution and Mineral Deposits Formed on the Elements of Landfill Gas Engines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8673-7473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Konkol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Aspects of Ecoenergy Department, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 Street, 80-231 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Cebula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Aspects of Ecoenergy Department, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 Street, 80-231 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8918-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Les\u0142aw","family":"\u015awierczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Aspects of Ecoenergy Department, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 Street, 80-231 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-9871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Piechaczek-Wereszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, Kardyna\u0142a Kominka 6, 6a Street, 45-032 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9441-7741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Cenian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Aspects of Ecoenergy Department, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 Street, 80-231 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2020.01.005","article-title":"Investigation of volatile methyl siloxanes in biogas and the ambient environment in a landfill","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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