{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:59:48Z","timestamp":1787169588544,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-pass friction stir processing (FSP) was used to obtain a titanium alloy\/copper hybrid composite layer by intermixing copper powder with a Ti6Al4V alloy. A macrostructurally inhomogeneous stir zone was obtained with both its top and middle parts composed of fine dynamically recrystallized \u03b1- and \u03b2-Ti grains, as well as coarse intermetallic compounds (IMCs) of Ti2Cu and TiCu2, respectively. Some \u03b2 grains experienced \u03b2 \u2192 \u03b1 decomposition with the formation of acicular \u03b1-Ti microstructures either inside the former \u03b2-Ti grains or at their grain boundaries. Both types of \u03b2 \u2192 \u03b1 decomposition were especially clearly manifested in the vicinity of the Ti2Cu grains, i.e., in the copper-lean regions. The middle part of the stir zone additionally contained large dislocation-free \u03b2-Ti grains that resulted from static recrystallization. Spinodal decomposition, as well as solid-state amorphization of copper-rich \u03b2-Ti grains, were discovered. The FSPed stir zone possessed hardness that was enhanced by 25% as compared to that of the base metal, as well as higher strength, ductility, and wear resistance than those obtained using four-pass FSPed Ti6Al4V.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:29:36Z","timestamp":1648416576000},"page":"2428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["In Situ Intermetallics-Reinforced Composite Prepared Using Multi-Pass Friction Stir Processing of Copper Powder on a Ti6Al4V Alloy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Zykova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4334-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Vorontsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Chumaevskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0725-1219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Gurianov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-5853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nickolai","family":"Savchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasija","family":"Gusarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Kolubaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Tarasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021132025822","article-title":"Mechanism of Self-Ignition of Titanium Alloys in Oxygen","volume":"38","author":"Bolobov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Combust. 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