{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:53:42Z","timestamp":1787028822181,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A prediction model of the welding process of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy was established by using the finite element method, which was used to evaluate the phase composition, residual stress and deformation of the welded joints of Ti-6Al-4V sheets with different processes (including tungsten inert gas welding, TIG, and laser beam welding, LBW). The Ti-6Al-4V structures of TIG welding and LBW are widely used in marine engineering. In order to quantitatively study the effects of different welding processes (including TIG welding and LBW) on the microstructure evolution, macro residual stress and deformation of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy sheets during welding, a unified prediction model considering solid-state phase transformation was established based on the ABAQUS subroutine. In this paper, LBW and TIG welding experiments of 1.6 mm thick Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets were designed. The microstructure distribution of the welded joints observed in the experiment was consistent with the phase composition predicted by the model, and the hardness measurement experiment could also verify the phase composition and proportion. From the residual stress measured by experiment and the residual stress and deformation calculated by finite element simulation of LBW and TIG weldments, it is concluded that the effect of phase transformation on residual stress is mainly in the weld area, which has an effect on the distribution of tensile and compressive stress in the weld area. The overall deformation of the welded joint is mainly related to the welding process, and the phase transformation only affects the local volume change of the weld seam. Importantly, the phase composition and residual stress, which are scalar fields, calculated by the established model can be introduced into the numerical analysis of structural fracture failure as input influence factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15082882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T04:21:28Z","timestamp":1650255688000},"page":"2882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Numerical Simulation Method Considering Solid Phase Transformation and the Experimental Verification of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Sheet Welding Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Yi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Jian","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Machinery, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Quan","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Yong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Gas tungsten arc welding of \u03b1 + \u03b2 titanium alloys: A review","volume":"25","author":"Short","year":"2009","journal-title":"Met. 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