{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:23:36Z","timestamp":1790623416724,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-29-02024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-29-02024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An estimated 10.5% of the world\u2019s population aged 20\u201379 years are currently living with diabetes in 2021. An urgent task is to develop a non-invasive express-diagnostics of diabetes with high accuracy. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) diagnostic method based on infrared laser spectroscopy of human exhaled breath is described. A quantum cascade laser emitting in a pulsed mode with a peak power of up to 150 mW in the spectral range of 5.3\u201312.8 \u03bcm and Herriot multipass gas cell with an optical path length of 76 m were used. We propose a method for collecting and drying an exhaled human air sample and have measured 1200 infrared exhaled breath spectra from 60 healthy volunteers (the control group) and 60 volunteers with confirmed T1DM (the target group). A 1-D convolutional neural network for the classification of healthy and T1DM volunteers with an accuracy of 99.7%, recall 99.6% and AUC score 99.9% was used. The demonstrated results require clarification on a larger dataset and series of clinical studies and, further, the method can be implemented in routine medical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15092984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T02:04:22Z","timestamp":1650420262000},"page":"2984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Deep Learning for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Using Infrared Quantum Cascade Laser Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6827-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Fufurin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5235-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Berezhanskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morozov Children\u2019s Clinical Hospital, State Budgetary Healthcare Institution, Moscow Healthcare Pulmonology Department, Moscow 119049, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5961-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Golyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Anfimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Kareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiya","family":"Scherbakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Demkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Nebritova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8022-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Morozov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2021). 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