{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:47:10Z","timestamp":1761061630389,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["81870203","81670259","U1909218","T212100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870203","81670259","U1909218","T212100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dendritic cells (DCs) are recognized as the most effective antigen-presenting cells at present. DCs have corresponding therapeutic effects in tumor immunity, transplantation immunity, infection inflammation and cardiovascular diseases, and the activation of T cells is dependent on DCs. However, normal bone-marrow-derived Dendritic cells (BMDCs) cultured on conventional culture plates are easy to be activated during culturing, and it is difficult to imitate the internal immune function. Here, we reported a novel BMDCs culturing with hydrogel substrate (CCHS), where we synthesized low substituted Gelatin Methacrylate-30 (GelMA-30) hydrogels and used them as a substitute for conventional culture plates in the culture and induction of BMDCs in vitro. The results showed that 5% GelMA-30 substrate was the best culture condition for BMDCs culturing. The low level of costimulatory molecules and the level of development-related transcription factors of BMDCs by CCHS were closer to that of spleen DCs and were capable of better promoting T cell activation and exerting an immune effect. CCHS was helpful to study the transformation of DCs from initial state to activated state, which contributes to the development of DC-T cell immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15093322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T13:10:26Z","timestamp":1651756226000},"page":"3322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Photocurable Hydrogel Substrate\u2014Better Potential Substitute on Bone-Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Culturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiewen","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering for Life Group (EFL), Suzhou 215000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3419-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongli","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9099-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meixiang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023106","article-title":"Infarcted Myocardium-Primed Dendritic Cells Improve Remodeling and Cardiac Function After Myocardial Infarction by Modulating the Regulatory T Cell and Macrophage Polarization","volume":"135","author":"Choo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12423","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells decreases inhibitory and regulatory T-cell differentiation and improves survival in murine polymicrobial sepsis","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.10.010","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived cells: A potential approach for the treatment of xerostomia","volume":"43","author":"Tran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, C., Li, R., Song, H., Geng, T., Yang, J., Tan, Q., Song, L., Wang, Y., Xue, Y., and Li, Z. (2017). Phase I clinical trial of a novel autologous modified-DC vaccine in patients with resected NSCLC. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3859-3"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr341","article-title":"A phase II study evaluating the safety and efficacy of an adenovirus-DeltaLMP1-LMP2 transduced dendritic cell vaccine in patients with advanced metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Chia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Clinical effects of immunotherapy of DC-CIK combined with chemotherapy in treating patients with metastatic breast cancer","volume":"28","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.430","article-title":"A phase I\/IIa study of adjuvant immunotherapy with tumour antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"113","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b14-00518","article-title":"Survivin and PSMA Loaded Dendritic Cell Vaccine for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer","volume":"38","author":"Xi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.09.43","article-title":"Directing dendritic cell immunotherapy towards successful cancer treatment","volume":"2","author":"Sabado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0580-6","article-title":"The clinical application of cancer immunotherapy based on naturally circulating dendritic cells","volume":"7","author":"Bol","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6542","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM00854D","article-title":"The effect of polysaccharide-based hydrogels on the response of antigen-presenting cell lines to immunomodulators","volume":"9","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.02.009","article-title":"Strategies to reduce dendritic cell activation through functional biomaterial design","volume":"33","author":"Hume","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2903","article-title":"Activation of dendritic cells by crosslinked collagen hydrogels (artificial corneas) varies with their composition","volume":"13","author":"Molzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.06.006","article-title":"Differential functional effects of biomaterials on dendritic cell maturation","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.08.068","article-title":"Directed endothelial cell morphogenesis in micropatterned gelatin methacrylate hydrogels","volume":"33","author":"Nikkhah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035006","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0cf6","article-title":"3D printing of complex GelMA-based scaffolds with nanoclay","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1021\/nn305559j","article-title":"Carbon-nanotube-embedded hydrogel sheets for engineering cardiac constructs and bioactuators","volume":"7","author":"Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201500331","article-title":"3D cardiac microtissues encapsulated with the co-culture of cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts","volume":"4","author":"Saini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1021\/bm1015305","article-title":"Laser fabrication of three-dimensional CAD scaffolds from photosensitive gelatin for applications in tissue engineering","volume":"12","author":"Ovsianikov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03896","article-title":"A combinatorial cell-laden gel microarray for inducing osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"4","author":"Nikkhah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201101662","article-title":"Functional Human Vascular Network Generated in Photocrosslinkable Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogels","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC00030G","article-title":"Hydrogel bioprinted microchannel networks for vascularization of tissue engineering constructs","volume":"14","author":"Bertassoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.11.039","article-title":"A three dimensional micropatterned tumor model for breast cancer cell migration studies","volume":"81","author":"Peela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00116","article-title":"Photocrosslinkable Gelatin Hydrogels Modulate the Production of the Major Pro-inflammatory Cytokine, TNF-alpha, by Human Mononuclear Cells","volume":"6","author":"Donaldson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108609","article-title":"Mechanical Stiffness Controls Dendritic Cell Metabolism and Function","volume":"34","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00372","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein Impairs Dendritic Cell Development, Maturation, and Function: Implications for Peripheral Tolerance","volume":"9","author":"Jimenez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, H., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Kan, F., Wang, S., Li, Y., Tian, H., and Meng, S. (2019). Dendritic cells pulsed with placental gp96 promote tumor-reactive immune responses. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218362"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1104664","article-title":"Maturation requirements for dendritic cells in T cell stimulation leading to tolerance versus immunity","volume":"78","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Nieto, S., Johal, R.K., Shakesheff, K.M., Emara, M., Royer, P.J., Chau, D.Y., Shakib, F., and Ghaemmaghami, A.M. (2010). Laminin and fibronectin treatment leads to generation of dendritic cells with superior endocytic capacity. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010123"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1360-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the role of the endocytic receptor L-SIGN for cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes","volume":"96","author":"Viebig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-04-1044","article-title":"Marginal zone macrophages express a murine homologue of DC-SIGN that captures blood-borne antigens in vivo","volume":"100","author":"Geijtenbeek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh084","article-title":"Functional comparison of the mouse DC-SIGN, SIGNR1, SIGNR3 and Langerin, C-type lectins","volume":"16","author":"Takahara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.5530120502","article-title":"The activation antigen CD69","volume":"12","author":"Ziegler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.9.5287","article-title":"Distinct IL-2 receptor signaling pattern in CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells","volume":"172","author":"Bensinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021263","article-title":"ICSBP is essential for the development of mouse type I interferon-producing cells and for the generation and activation of CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cells","volume":"196","author":"Schiavoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-04-1088","article-title":"Essential role for ICSBP in the in vivo development of murine CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cells","volume":"101","author":"Aliberti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164206","article-title":"Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity","volume":"322","author":"Hildner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091627","article-title":"Peripheral CD103+ dendritic cells form a unified subset developmentally related to CD8\u03b1+ conventional dendritic cells","volume":"207","author":"Edelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/ni903","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling identifies Id2 function in dendritic cell development","volume":"4","author":"Hacker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00230-9","article-title":"TRAF6 is a critical factor for dendritic cell maturation and development","volume":"19","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6193","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-295873","article-title":"NFIL3\/E4BP4 is a key transcription factor for CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cell development","volume":"117","author":"Kashiwada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903714","article-title":"Bcl6 is required for the development of mouse CD4+ and CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cells","volume":"186","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12967","article-title":"L-Myc expression by dendritic cells is required for optimal T-cell priming","volume":"507","author":"Kc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2198","article-title":"Cardiac mechanostructure: Using mechanics and anisotropy as inspiration for developing epicardial therapies in treating myocardial infarction","volume":"6","author":"Dwyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.02.048","article-title":"Material stiffness influences the polarization state, function and migration mode of macrophages","volume":"89","author":"Sridharan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065x.2001.1840106.x","article-title":"Immunobiology of dendritic cells in the rat","volume":"184","author":"Turnbull","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-003-0414-7","article-title":"Optimizing dendritic cell-based anticancer immunotherapy: Maturation state does have clinical impact","volume":"52","author":"McIlroy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.767","article-title":"Immunobiology of dendritic cells","volume":"18","author":"Banchereau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4652596","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4652596","article-title":"Interleukin 10 Gene-Modified Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Attenuate Liver Fibrosis in Mice by Inducing Regulatory T Cells and Inhibiting the TGF-\u03b2\/Smad Signaling Pathway","volume":"2019","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00304","article-title":"Rapid Downregulation of DAB2 by Toll-Like Receptor Activation Contributes to a Pro-Inflammatory Switch in Activated Dendritic Cells","volume":"10","author":"Jamwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/9\/3322\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:06:32Z","timestamp":1760137592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/9\/3322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15093322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15093322","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]}}}