{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:46:12Z","timestamp":1787161572918,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["Y22E081344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y22E081344"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["51878360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51878360"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["202003N4136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202003N4136"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Y22E081344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y22E081344"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51878360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51878360"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202003N4136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202003N4136"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Natural Science Foundation","award":["Y22E081344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y22E081344"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Natural Science Foundation","award":["51878360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51878360"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Natural Science Foundation","award":["202003N4136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202003N4136"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fast-hardening cement can be used to quickly repair concrete constructions. Characterizing mechanical properties by electrical properties is a promising method to evaluate the mechanical performance nondestructively. However, little attention has been paid to this area. In this paper, copper-coated fine-steel-fibers-reinforced reactive powder concrete (RPC) with compound cement was manufactured. The mass ratio of sulphoaluminate and ordinary Portland cement in the compound cement was 1:1. The influence of copper-coated fine steel fibers with the volume increasing from 0 to 3.0% by the total volume of RPC on the working performances (fluidity and setting time), mechanical properties (flexural strength and toughness, drying shrinkage rate and compressive strength) and electrical parameters (AC electrical resistance and AC impedance spectroscopy curves) was investigated. The electron microscope energy spectrum experiment was applied in analyzing the macro properties of RPC. The results exhibited that the increasing volume of steel fibers led to decreasing the fluidity and retarding the setting of RPC. The electrical resistance of RPC decreased in the form of a quartic function with the volume of steel fibers. The steel fibers volume of 1.5% was the percolation threshold value. The specimens cured for 28 days showed higher electrical resistance than the specimens cured for 1 day. The flexural or compressive strength of the specimens satisfied a specific functional relationship with the volume of steel fibers and electrical resistance. The addition of steel fibers led to improving the flexural toughness and decreasing the shrinkage rate. Furthermore, 3.0% steel fibers could improve the flexural toughness by 3.9 times and decrease the shrinkage to 88.3% of the specimens without steel fibers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15093371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T21:31:20Z","timestamp":1652045480000},"page":"3371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Rapid-Strength Reactive Powder Concrete with Assembly Unit of Sulphoaluminate Cement and Ordinary Portland Cement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaomin","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kewei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianmin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e00499","article-title":"Accelerated construction of urban intersections with Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP)","volume":"14","author":"Nemati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117570","article-title":"Inflfluence of difffferent curing conditions and water to cement ratio on properties of self-compacting concretes","volume":"237","author":"Nematollahzade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116685","article-title":"Steel rebar corrosion in artificial reef concrete with sulphoaluminate cement, sea water and marine sand","volume":"227","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, X., Wang, H., and Shi, F. (2020). Influence of NaCl freeze thaw cycles and cyclic loading on the mechanical performance and permeability of sulphoaluminate cement reactive powder concrete. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10121227"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Z., and Wang, H. (2021). Influence of NaCl Freeze\u2013thaw Cycles on the Mechanical Strength of Reactive Powder Concrete with the Assembly Unit of Sulphoaluminate Cement and Ordinary Portland Cement. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11101238"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7011","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14227011","article-title":"Thermal Properties of Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement as an Alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement","volume":"14","author":"Klemczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125399","article-title":"Experimental study on flexural behaviour of reinforced reactive powder concrete pole","volume":"312","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.229","article-title":"Multi-Functional properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced reactive powder concrete","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zhang, D. (2009). Research on Structure-Property and Engineering Application of Sulfoaluminate Cement-Based High Performance Concrete, Wuhan University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.006","article-title":"Shrinkage and creep of high-performance concrete based on calcium sulfoaluminate cement","volume":"98","author":"Sirtoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.057","article-title":"Properties of calcium sulfoaluminate cement made ultra-high performance concrete: Tensile performance, acoustic emission monitoring of damage evolution and microstructure","volume":"208","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102601","article-title":"Investigation on mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced reactive powder concrete containing nano-SiO2: An experimental and analytical study","volume":"44","author":"Keshavarzian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2019.101167","article-title":"Microstructure and structural analysis of polypropylene fibre reinforced reactive powder concrete beams exposed to elevated temperature","volume":"29","author":"Hamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102503","article-title":"Effect of carbon fiber on mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete exposed to elevated temperatures","volume":"42","author":"Raza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031174","article-title":"Research of Strength, Frost Resistance, Abrasion Resistance and Shrinkage of Steel Fiber Concrete for Rigid Highways and Airfields Pavement Repair","volume":"12","author":"Sergii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125618","article-title":"Corrosion mechanism and damage characteristic of steel fiber concrete under the effect of stray current and salt solution","volume":"314","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/00222348.2020.1846953","article-title":"Surface Hydrophilic Modification of Polypropylene Fibers and Their Application in Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Materials","volume":"60","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120891","article-title":"Evaluation of carbon fiber dispersion in cement-based materials using mechanical properties, conductivity, mass variation coefficient, and microstructure","volume":"266","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.063","article-title":"Reinforcement effect and mechanism of carbon fibers to mechanical and electrically conductive properties of cement-based materials","volume":"125","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-03903-w","article-title":"Treatment methods for plant fibers for use as reinforcement in cement-based materials","volume":"28","author":"Qiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"606","article-title":"Surface modification of copper-plated steel fiber and its corrosion resistance and bonding properties","volume":"22","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"584","article-title":"Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine Copper-Plated Steel Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite","volume":"3309","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"32","article-title":"Mechanical properties test of copper-coated steel fiber lightweight aggregate concrete","volume":"43","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. North China Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"131","article-title":"Analysis of factors affecting the strength of copper-plated steel fiber cement-based composites","volume":"38","author":"Qu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Shanxi Archit."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123028","article-title":"External erosion of sodium chloride on the degradation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of aligned stainless steel fiber reinforced reactive powder concrete","volume":"287","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2005). Test Method for Fluidity of Cement Mortar. Standard No. GB\/T2419-2005."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2009). Standard for Test Method of Basic Properties of Construction Mortar. Standard No. JGJ\/T 70-2009."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(1919). Method of Testing Cements-Determination of Strength. Standard No. GB\/T17671-1999."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104001","article-title":"Research on the self-sensing and mechanical properties of aligned stainless steel fiber reinforced reactive powder concrete","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, G., Wang, H., and Shi, F. (2021). Coupling Effect of Salt Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Carbonation on the Mechanical Performance of Quick Hardening Sulphoaluminate Cement-Based Reactive Powder Concrete with Basalt Fibers. Coatings., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11091142"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"87","article-title":"Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Different Steel Fiber Content","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiphys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.028","article-title":"Effects of steel fiber content and shape on mechanical properties of ultra high performance concrete","volume":"103","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.04.024","article-title":"Experimental study of effective thermal conductivity of stainless steel fiber felt","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106780","article-title":"Analysis of the trend of pH changes of concrete pore solution during the hydration by various analytical methods","volume":"156","author":"Natkunarajah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2008.08.025","article-title":"Characterization of solid embeddable reference electrodes for corrosion monitoring in reinforced concrete structures","volume":"54","author":"Duffoa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.04.004","article-title":"Electrochemical characterization of the solid-state reference electrode based on NiFe2O4 fifilm for the corrosion monitoring of RC structures","volume":"168","author":"Qiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.214","article-title":"Effects of nano-SiO2 on early strength and microstructure of steam-cured high volume flfly ash cement system","volume":"194","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.05.012","article-title":"Nano-silica and silica fume modifified cement mortar used as Surface Protection Material to enhance the impermeability","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120763","article-title":"Study on the influence of compound rust inhibitor on corrosion of steel bars in chloride concrete by electrical parameters","volume":"262","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhang, A., Zhang, L., Liu, J., Han, Y., and Wang, J. (2020). Research on the Influence of Carbonation on the Content and State of Chloride Ions and the Following Corrosion Resistance of Steel Bars in Cement Paste. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10111071"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J., Zhu, H., Chen, L., Han, X., Guo, Q., Gao, Y., and Liu, C. (2019). Rebar corrosion investigation in rubber aggregate concrete via the chloride electro-accelerated test. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12060862"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.078","article-title":"Corrosion resistance of self-compacting concrete incorporating quarry dust powder, silica fume and flfly ash","volume":"37","author":"Dehwah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.07.020","article-title":"Formation of a hydrophobic and corrosion resistant coating on manganese surface via stearic acid and oleic acid diethanolamide","volume":"555","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(92)90107-7","article-title":"AC impedance spectroscopy (I): A new equivalent circuit model for hydrated Portland-cement paste","volume":"22","author":"Gu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120740","article-title":"Electrical and piezoresistive properties of carbon nanofiber cement mortar under different temperatures and water contents","volume":"265","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e00247","article-title":"Influence of carbon nanofiber content and sodium chloride solution on the stability of resistance and the following self-sensing performance of carbon nanofiber cement paste","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.113559","article-title":"Experimental study and theoretical prediction on torsional strength with different steel fiber reinforced concretes and Cross-Section areas","volume":"251","author":"Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"3681132","article-title":"Investigation on Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2020.08.007","article-title":"Experimental investigation on flexural properties of directional steel fiber reinforced rubberized concrete","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122297","article-title":"Flexural toughness and evaluation method of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting lightweight aggregate concrete","volume":"277","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.22606\/mcse.2018.23001","article-title":"Flexural Toughness Measurements on High-Strength Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete","volume":"2","author":"Reza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Civ. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125285","article-title":"Coupled effect of expansive agent and curing on mechanical and shrinkage properties of fiber-reinforced Eco-Crete","volume":"310","author":"Aghaee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/9\/3371\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:07:50Z","timestamp":1760137670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/9\/3371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15093371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15093371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]}}}