{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:22:44Z","timestamp":1787318564356,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"2019-JCJQ-JJ-030, 145 Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52130509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52130509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to explore the feasibility of underwater wet laser welding of the TC4 titanium alloy, research on the underwater laser self-fusion welding process was carried out. The weld structure and mechanical properties in both the air environment and the underwater environment were compared and analyzed. The results show that increasing the laser power and reducing the welding speed are beneficial to obtain a larger water depth threshold. Off-focus amount has little effect on water depth threshold; when the laser power is 3000 W and the welding speed is 5 mm\/s, and the water depth exceeds 7 mm, a continuous weld cannot be formed. Compared with welding in the air, underwater welding has narrower weld width, smaller heat affected zone and finer crystal grains. The weld structure is mainly composed of \u03b1\u2032 martensite and secondary acicular \u03b1\u2032 phase, it is distributed in a net basket shape and the grain size at the top of the weld is finer. The hardness of the weld center is above 600 HV0.1, and the residual stress of the underwater welding weld is approximately symmetrically distributed. There is a large tensile stress along the welding direction at the weld, reaching 458 MPa. The larger residual tensile stress leads to the decrease of weld tensile strength, the tensile strength and elongation of the middle sample are only 52% and 77% of the base metal. Furthermore, the fracture mode is typical brittle fracture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15093380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T21:31:20Z","timestamp":1652045480000},"page":"3380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Research on Underwater Wet Laser Self-Fusion Welding Process and Analysis of Microstructure and Properties of TC4 Titanium Alloy Weld"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhihai","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3435-7345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haidou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Electron Beam Welded Ti70\/TA5 Dissimilar Joint","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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