{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:28:57Z","timestamp":1792553337669,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHA 1484\/45-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHA 1484\/45-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TI 343\/167-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TI 343\/167-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium alloys, especially \u03b2 alloys, are favorable as implant materials due to their promising combination of low Young\u2019s modulus, high strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In particular, the low Young\u2019s moduli reduce the risk of stress shielding and implant loosening. The processing of Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn through laser powder bed fusion is presented. The specimens were heat-treated, and the microstructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were determined by hardness and tensile tests. The microstructures reveal a mainly \u03b2 microstructure with \u03b1\u2033 formation for high cooling rates and \u03b1 precipitates after moderate cooling rates or aging. The as-built and \u03b1\u2033 phase containing conditions exhibit a hardness around 225 HV5, yield strengths (YS) from 340 to 490 MPa, ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) around 706 MPa, fracture elongations around 20%, and Young\u2019s moduli about 50 GPa. The \u03b1 precipitates containing conditions reveal a hardness around 297 HV5, YS around 812 MPa, UTS from 871 to 931 MPa, fracture elongations around 12%, and Young\u2019s moduli about 75 GPa. Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn exhibits, depending on the heat treatment, promising properties regarding the material behavior and the opportunity to tailor the mechanical performance as a low modulus, high strength implant material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T08:41:33Z","timestamp":1653468093000},"page":"3774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Heat Treatments of Metastable \u03b2 Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3732-2236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxwell","family":"Hein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Materials Science (LWK), Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany"},{"name":"DMRC\u2014Direct Manufacturing Research Center, Paderborn University, Mersinweg 3, 33100 Paderborn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0541-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson Filipe","family":"Lopes Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Engineering (LWT), TU Dortmund University, Leonhard-Euler-Str. 2, 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1901-6593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudipta","family":"Pramanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Materials Science (LWK), Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Stangier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Engineering (LWT), TU Dortmund University, Leonhard-Euler-Str. 2, 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9582-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kay-Peter","family":"Hoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Materials Science (LWK), Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany"},{"name":"DMRC\u2014Direct Manufacturing Research Center, Paderborn University, Mersinweg 3, 33100 Paderborn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Tillmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Engineering (LWT), TU Dortmund University, Leonhard-Euler-Str. 2, 44227 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Schaper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Materials Science (LWK), Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany"},{"name":"DMRC\u2014Direct Manufacturing Research Center, Paderborn University, Mersinweg 3, 33100 Paderborn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10527-016-9639-6","article-title":"Challenges and Perspectives in the Use of Additive Technologies for Making Customized Implants for Traumatology and Orthopedics","volume":"50","author":"Gubin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. 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