{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T01:14:44Z","timestamp":1784423684251,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12072039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12072039"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11572048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11572048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To study the compressive mechanical properties and failure modes of TC11 titanium alloy fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technology in a large strain rate range at room temperature, the quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were carried out. In addition, optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to observe the metallographic structure and fracture morphology, respectively. The stress\u2013strain curves in the range of 0.001 s\u22121\u20134000 s\u22121, original and post-deformation microstructures, macroscopic damage patterns, and microscopic fracture morphology were obtained at two different loading directions, including the scanning and deposition directions, respectively. In uniaxial compression experiments, the material showed little difference in mechanical properties between the scanning and deposition directions, exhibiting a strain rate strengthening effect. However, the strain rate sensitivity of the material under quasi-static loading conditions is much less than that under dynamic loading conditions. In addition, combining the stress\u2013strain curve with the fracture morphology analysis, the plasticity in the scanning direction is better than in the deposition direction. Based on the experimental results, a modified Johnson\u2013Cook (JC) constitutive model considering strain rate sensitivity and the effect of strain rate on strain hardening was proposed, and the parameters were determined using a Multiple Population Genetic Algorithm (MPGA). The obtained constitutive model is in good agreement with the experimental data, which can provide a reference for the engineering numerical calculation of TC11 titanium alloy for WAAM. This study also provides a fundamental databank for the application and design of WAAM TC11 alloy in the manufacturing of large and complex structural parts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T09:24:29Z","timestamp":1653989069000},"page":"3917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dynamic Mechanical Properties of TC11 Titanium Alloys Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ze","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengwen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenglei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, D.F. 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