{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:13:00Z","timestamp":1760238780925,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2020YFB2008400","51575162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB2008400","51575162"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020YFB2008400","51575162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB2008400","51575162"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To effectively control and predict crack defects in the high-temperature forming process of Cr5 alloy steel, based on the traditional Lemaitre damage model, a new high-temperature damage model of Cr5 alloy steel was proposed which considered the change of material elastic modulus with temperature, the influence of material hydrostatic pressure as well as temperature and strain rate on material damage. Because Cr5 alloy steels are usually forged at high temperatures, tensile testing is an important method to study the damage behaviour of materials. Through the high-temperature tensile test and elastic modulus measurement test of the Cr5 alloy steel, the stress\u2013strain curves and the relationship curves of the elastic modulus value with the temperature of Cr5 alloy steel under different temperatures and strain rates were obtained. A new high-temperature damage model of Cr5 alloy steel was built by introducing the Zener\u2013Hollomon coefficient considering the influence of temperature and strain rate. The established high-temperature damage model was embedded in Forge\u00ae finite element software through the program\u2019s secondary development method to numerically simulate the experimental process of Cr5 alloy steel. Comparing the difference between the displacement\u2013load curves of the numerical simulation and the actual test of the tensile process of the experimental samples, the correlation coefficient R2 is 0.987 and the difference between the experimental value and the simulated value of the tensile sample elongation at break is 1.28%. The accuracy of the high-temperature damage model of Cr5 alloy steel established in this paper was verified. Finally, the high-temperature damage map of Cr5 alloy steel was constructed to analyse the variation law of various damage parameters with the temperature and strain rate of the high-temperature damage model of Cr5 alloy steel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T03:33:18Z","timestamp":1654054398000},"page":"3935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Enhanced Lemaitre Model and Fracture Map for Cr5 Alloy Steel during High-Temperature Forming Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xuewen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6302-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lele","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongren","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"109262","article-title":"First-principles study of the coexisting ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties of the La0.75Bi0.25CrO3 compound","volume":"171","author":"Beltrones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. 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