{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:31:22Z","timestamp":1792805482244,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad","award":["PY18-RE-0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY18-RE-0023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pptgy96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well known that the performance and durability of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be severely impaired by fracture events that originate in stresses due to Li ion diffusion in fast charge\u2013discharge cycles. Existing models of battery damage overlook either the role of particle shape in stress concentration, the effect of material disorder and preexisting defects in crack initiation and propagation, or both. In this work we present a novel, three-dimensional, and coupled diffusive-mechanical numerical model that simultaneously accounts for all these phenomena by means of (i) a random particle generator and (ii) a stochastic description of material properties implemented within the lattice method framework. Our model displays the same complex fracture patterns that are found experimentally, including crack nucleation, growth, and branching. Interestingly, we show that irregularly shaped active particles can suffer mechanical damage up to 60% higher than that of otherwise equivalent spherical particles, while material defects can lead to damage increments of up to 110%. An evaluation of fracture effects in local Li-ion diffusivity shows that effective diffusion can be reduced up to 25% at the particle core due to lithiation, while it remains at ca. 5% below the undamaged value at the particle surface during delithiation. Using a simple estimate of capacity loss, we also show that the C-rate has a nonlinear effect on battery degradation, and the estimated capacity loss can surpass 10% at a 2C charging rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1654167902000},"page":"3979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Numerical Analysis of Degradation and Capacity Loss in Graphite Active Particles of Li-Ion Battery Anodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5364-6487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Marin-Montin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Sustainability Group, Department of Engineering, Universidad Loyola Andaluc\u00eda, Avenida de las Universidades, s\/n, 41704 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0126-0379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Zurita-Gotor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Sustainability Group, Department of Engineering, Universidad Loyola Andaluc\u00eda, Avenida de las Universidades, s\/n, 41704 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0112-4868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Montero-Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Sustainability Group, Department of Engineering, Universidad Loyola Andaluc\u00eda, Avenida de las Universidades, s\/n, 41704 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11475","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future","volume":"488","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1212741","article-title":"Electrical energy storage for the grid: A battery of choices","volume":"334","author":"Dunn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4834","article-title":"The path towards sustainable energy","volume":"16","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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