{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:21:58Z","timestamp":1780564918097,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fracture during the assembly process is an important failure mode for high-lock bolts used in the aviation industry, which greatly increases the potential of unpredictable accidents during service. In the current study, the underlying reasons for fracture during the assembly of a TC4 high-lock bolt was investigated using a tensile test and finite element analysis (FEA). The microstructure of the as-received bolt consisted of a high proportion of \u03b1 phase, some \u03b2 phase, and a small amount of \u03b1\u2032 phase formed via martensite phase transformation during the rammer process. The experimental force\u2013displacement curves revealed an average yield load of 55.9 kN and a breaking load of 67.65 kN. The corresponding yield strength was calculated to be 0.9 GPa, which was smaller than the standard value of TC4. This was attributed to the preload-induced stress concentration on the thread surface, leading to obvious strain hardening, which can lead to crack initiation. The effect of preload was further confirmed by the fractographies in which the initial crack was observed on the thread surface. The fractographies suggested that hybrid fracture occurred on the tensile loaded bolt. The initial failure was brittle fracture on the thread surface, transforming into ductile fracture in the screw. The results can contribute to understanding the effect of preload on the load carry capacity of high-lock bolts and provide a strategy to design its assembly specification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15124049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T10:25:12Z","timestamp":1654856712000},"page":"4049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fracture Mode Transition during Assembly of TC4 High-Lock Bolt under Tensile Load: A Combined Experimental Study and Finite Element Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Derong","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Fastening Connection Technology, Xinyang 464000, China"},{"name":"Henan Aerospace Precision Machining Co., Ltd., Xinyang 464000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Fastening Connection Technology, Xinyang 464000, China"},{"name":"Henan Aerospace Precision Machining Co., Ltd., Xinyang 464000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Fastening Connection Technology, Xinyang 464000, China"},{"name":"Henan Aerospace Precision Machining Co., Ltd., Xinyang 464000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Fastening Connection Technology, Xinyang 464000, China"},{"name":"Henan Aerospace Precision Machining Co., Ltd., Xinyang 464000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Fastening Connection Technology, Xinyang 464000, China"},{"name":"Henan Aerospace Precision Machining Co., Ltd., Xinyang 464000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangdong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zhao, Q.Y., Liu, F.L., and Liu, H.D. 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