{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:17:38Z","timestamp":1791339458623,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lead sludge from copper production is a source of rare metals, such as rhenium and osmium, whose content reaches 0.06\u20130.08% and 0.0025\u20130.0050%, respectively. The base of the sludge consists of lead sulfate. A method of reductive smelting of lead sludge from copper smelting production at 1000\u20131100 \u00b0C has been developed. Coke was used as a reducing agent and sodium sulfate as a slag-forming material. Optimal conditions for selective extraction of rare metals in smelting products were found: osmium in the form of metallic form into raw lead and rhenium in the form of perrhenate compound Na5ReO6 into sodium-sulfate slag. The developed technology makes it possible to extract rhenium with a high degree of extraction in the form of water-soluble compounds for the subsequent production of commercial salts of rhenium by the known hydrometallurgical methods. The content of rhenium in the slag phase is 0.18\u20130.25%, with its initial content in the slime of 0.06\u20130.08%. The degree of rhenium concentration at the first stage of processing is 3\u20133.2 times in the form of water-soluble perrhenate. Osmium and lead do not form solid solutions; osmium in crude lead is mainly concentrated in the lower zones of lead. A method of obtaining a concentrate containing 53\u201367% osmium from raw lead with an initial content of 0.0025\u20130.0050% in the slurry and a concentration number of 13,000\u201321,000 times has been proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15124071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T10:25:12Z","timestamp":1654856712000},"page":"4071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Extraction of Rhenium and Osmium from Lead Technogenic Raw Materials of Copper Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Berdikulova","family":"Feruza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RSE \u201cNational Center on Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan\u201d, Almaty 050036, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zharmenov","family":"Abdurassul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSE \u201cNational Center on Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan\u201d, Almaty 050036, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terlikbaeva","family":"Alma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSE \u201cNational Center on Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan\u201d, Almaty 050036, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydykov","family":"Alimgazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSE \u201cNational Center on Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan\u201d, Almaty 050036, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serikbayeva","family":"Akmaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSE \u201cNational Center on Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan\u201d, Almaty 050036, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1595\/003214001X453132135","article-title":"Recovery of Radiogenic Osmium-187 from Sulfide Copper Ores in Kazakhstan","volume":"45","author":"Zinesh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Platinum Metals Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"Rhenium extraction in hydrometallurgical processing of osmium-containing semi-products of sulfide copper ores [Izvlechenie reni\u0131a pri gidrometallurgicheskoi pererabotke osmiisoderja\u015fih poluproduktov sulfidnyh mednyh rud]","volume":"202","author":"Bodun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zap. 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