{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T22:37:20Z","timestamp":1782427040051,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study investigates effect of the additive consisting of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and soda lime glass powder on the hydration, mechanical properties and porosity of Portland cement concrete. The effect of mineral additive on the technological, physical-mechanical properties and porosity of the mortar was investigated by increasing the content of natural zeolite and glass powder added to the mortar up to 20% by weight of cement in increments of 5% and different particles size of natural zeolite. The mixes with the best technological and mechanical properties were identified and further studies were conducted by replacing 10% and 15% of cement with natural zeolite and soda lime glass with an average grain size of 59.3 \u03bcm, 29.0 \u03bcm or 3.6 \u03bcm of zeolite, and 29.6 \u03bcm of glass powder. The hydration process and microstructure of hardened cement paste modified with the aforementioned mineral additives was analysed by microcalorimetry, X-ray diffraction tests and thermogravimetric analysis. The optimal composition of cement paste and particle size distribution of natural zeolite were determined to achieve the higher flexural and compressive strength and lower open porosity. The mixture of mineral additives has the highest effect in terms of flexural and compressive strength and open porosity when added at the proportion 75:15:10 (cement:natural zeolite:soda lime glass) and when zeolite with an average particle size of about 3.6 \u03bcm is used<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15124219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"4219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Use of Natural Zeolite and Glass Powder Mixture as Partial Replacement of Portland Cement: The Effect on Hydration, Properties and Porosity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dalius","family":"Kriptavi\u010dius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saul\u0117tekio av. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giedrius","family":"Girskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saul\u0117tekio av. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6717-1619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gintautas","family":"Skripki\u016bnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saul\u0117tekio av. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.07.019","article-title":"Emerging energy-efficiency and CO2 emission-reduction technologies for cement and concrete production: A technical review","volume":"16","author":"Hasanbeigi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127391","article-title":"Investigation of the mechanical and shrinkage properties of plastic-rubber compound modified cement mortar with recycled tire steel fiber","volume":"334","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1520\/CCA10273J","article-title":"High-Strength and Flowing Concrete with a Zeolitic Mineral Admixture","volume":"12","author":"Mehta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Aggregates"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"\u00d6zen, S. (2022, March 17). Pozzolanic Activity of Natural Zeolites. Available online: https:\/\/etd.lib.metu.edu.tr\/upload\/12616061\/index.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.07.095","article-title":"A comprehensive review on mechanical and durability properties of cement-based materials containing waste recycled glass","volume":"198","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-1811(00)00257-2","article-title":"Time evolution of a natural clinoptilolite in aqueous medium: Conductivity and pH experiments","volume":"40","author":"Rivera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2011.08.009","article-title":"Blended cements containing high volume of natural zeolites: Properties, hydration and paste microstructure","volume":"34","author":"Uzal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2009.10.006","article-title":"Use of natural zeolite as a supplementary cementitious material","volume":"32","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00214-3","article-title":"Pozzolanic reaction in the presence of chemical activators: Part II\u2013Reaction products and mechanism","volume":"30","author":"Shi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/biohorizons\/hzn003","article-title":"Dissolution kinetics of clinoptilolite and heulandite in alkaline conditions","volume":"1","author":"Cotton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci. Horizons"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-0618(99)00048-3","article-title":"A study on the hydration rate of natural zeolite blended cement pastes","volume":"13","author":"Poon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(99)00010-4","article-title":"Comparative study of the initial surface absorption and chloride diffusion of high performance zeolite, silica fume and PFA concretes","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.02.006","article-title":"Properties of cement mortars containing clinoptilolite as a supplementary cementitious material","volume":"25","author":"Bilim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2014.03.003","article-title":"Early-stage hydration heat development in blended cements containing natural zeolite studied by isothermal calorimetry","volume":"582","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.038","article-title":"An experimental study on durability properties of concrete containing zeolite as a highly reactive natural pozzolan","volume":"35","author":"Najimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.09.013","article-title":"Engineering properties of concrete containing natural zeolite as supplementary cementitious material: Strength, toughness, durability, and hygrothermal performance","volume":"55","author":"Keppert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-008-9180-2","article-title":"Sulphate resistance and passivation ability of the mortar made from pozzolan cement with zeolite","volume":"94","author":"Janotka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.013","article-title":"Applications of natural zeolite to construction and building materials in China","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.12.084","article-title":"Natural zeolite and its application in concrete composite production","volume":"165","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263243","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/263243","article-title":"The Effect of Recycled Glass Powder and Reject Fly Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Fibre-Reinforced Ultrahigh Performance Concrete","volume":"2012","author":"Kou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.110","article-title":"Effect of immersion time of glass powder on mechanical properties of concrete contained glass powder as cement replacement","volume":"206","author":"Elaqra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.105790","article-title":"Investigating the pozzolanic reaction of post-consumption glass powder and the role of portlandite in the formation of sodium-rich C-S-H","volume":"123","author":"Mejdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2014.01.015","article-title":"Effect of curing temperature and glass type on the pozzolanic reactivity of glass powder","volume":"58","author":"Mirzahosseini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2015.12.008","article-title":"Pozzolanic reaction of glass powder and its role in controlling alkali\u2013silica reaction","volume":"67","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)00827-X","article-title":"Supplementary cementing materials in concrete: Part I: Efficiency and design","volume":"32","author":"Papadakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00213-6","article-title":"Studies on concrete containing ground waste glass","volume":"30","author":"Shao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.061","article-title":"Strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete containing milled glass as partial replacement for cement","volume":"29","author":"Nassar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2008.02.001","article-title":"Influence of a fine glass powder on the durability characteristics of concrete and its comparison to fly ash","volume":"30","author":"Schwarz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.058","article-title":"ASR of mortars containing glass","volume":"47","author":"Serpa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.027","article-title":"Durability of mortar using waste glass powder as cement replacement","volume":"36","author":"Matos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.010","article-title":"Effect of glass powders on the mechanical and durability properties of cementitious materials","volume":"98","author":"Kamali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.218","article-title":"Long-term performance of glass-powder concrete in large-scale field applications","volume":"135","author":"Omran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2013.07.006","article-title":"Mechanical properties of concrete containing waste glass powder and rice husk ash","volume":"116","author":"Madandoust","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2018.07.001","article-title":"Utilization of rice husk ash and waste glass in the production of ternary blended cement mortar composites","volume":"20","author":"Younes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Thomson, M., Lindqvist, J.-E., Elsen, J., and Groot, C. (2004, January 4\u20137). Porosity of Historic Mortars. Proceedings of the 13th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.020","article-title":"Studying effects of chemical admixtures on the workability retention of zeolitic Portland cement mortar","volume":"72","author":"AzariJafari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-016-6007-4","article-title":"Effect of cement composition on the early hydration of blended cements with natural zeolite","volume":"128","author":"Rahhal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsbe.2016.10.005","article-title":"Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice","volume":"6","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:12(709)","article-title":"Utilizing Waste Recycled Glass as Sand\/Cement Replacement in Concrete","volume":"21","author":"Taha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.12.001","article-title":"Early hydration of portland cement with crystalline mineral additions","volume":"35","author":"Rahhal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.021","article-title":"Role of the filler on Portland cement hydration at early ages","volume":"27","author":"Rahhal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.13168\/cs.2021.0025","article-title":"Influence of natural zeolite on Portland cement hydration processes and properties of hardened cement paste","volume":"65","author":"Kriptavicius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram.\u2013Silik"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-009-0056-x","article-title":"Zeolite blended cements: Evaluation of their hydration rate by means of thermal analysis","volume":"96","author":"Kontori","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.13168\/cs.2016.0050","article-title":"Transition and decomposition temperatures of cement phases\u2013A collection of thermal analysis data","volume":"60","author":"Collier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram.\u2013Silik."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/12\/4219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:31:10Z","timestamp":1760139070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/12\/4219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15124219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15124219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]}}}