{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:52:12Z","timestamp":1792900332408,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-VI-0008-0078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-VI-0008-0078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, the quantification of key microstructural features like \u03b3\u2032 size morphology distribution, grain size, and localized stress distribution, especially near a fracture, were coupled with mechanical properties under various temperatures in Ni-base powder metallurgy superalloys subjected to sub-solvus or super-solvus heat treatments. Compared to super-solvus heat-treated alloy, sub-solvus heat-treated superalloy with a finer grain size exhibited higher ductility\/strength at 550 \u00b0C, whilst adverse trend was observed at higher temperatures (750 and 830 \u00b0C). Besides, for both alloys, the strength and ductility decreased with the decrease in strain rate, resulting from oxidation behavior. Larger grain size or less grain boundary density can facilitate the retardation of oxidation behavior and weaken the propensity of early failure at higher temperatures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15134524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:07:02Z","timestamp":1656374822000},"page":"4524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Correlation between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heat-Treated Novel Powder Metallurgy Superalloy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xianjue","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biaobiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"IMDEA Materials Institute, C\/Eric Kandel 2, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiantao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Temperature Material Research Institute, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.03.033","article-title":"Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization of a nickel-based superalloy PM EP962NP during hot deformation at 1150 \u00b0C","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed, R.C. (2006). The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541285"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"102608","article-title":"A new class of alumina-forming superalloy for 3D printing","volume":"52","author":"Ghoussoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2020.12.008","article-title":"Influence of \u03b3\u2019 precipitate on deformation and fracture during creep in PM nickel-based superalloy","volume":"31","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2020.105887","article-title":"Fatigue crack growth mechanisms in powder metallurgy Ni-based superalloys\u2014A review","volume":"141","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2021.109882","article-title":"Influence of Ti addition on oxidation behavior of Ni-Cr-W-based superalloys","volume":"193","author":"Teng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2022.110141","article-title":"High temperature oxidation behavior of a novel Ni-Cr-W-Al-Ti superalloy","volume":"198","author":"Teng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingue, J., Boesch, W., and Radavich, J. (1980, January 21\u201325). Phase Relationships in Rene\u2019 95. Proceedings of the 1980 Fourth International Symposium on Superalloys, TMS, Champion, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.7449\/1980\/Superalloys_1980_335_344"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wlodek, S., Kelly, M., and Alden, D.A. (1996, January 22\u201326). The Structure of Rene\u2019 88DT. Proceedings of the 1996 Eighth International Symposium on Superalloys, TMS, Champion, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.7449\/1996\/Superalloys_1996_129_136"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2007.01.033","article-title":"High-cycle fatigue of nickel-base superalloy Ren\u00e9 104 (ME3): Interaction of microstructurally small cracks with grain boundaries of known character","volume":"55","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-002-0302-3","article-title":"The influence of microstructure and environment on the crack growth behavior of powder metallurgy nickel superalloy RR1000","volume":"33","author":"Knowles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.01.224","article-title":"Microstructural and compositional design of Ni-based single crystalline superalloys\u2014A review","volume":"743","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.06.025","article-title":"Precipitate coarsening and its effects on the hot deformation behavior of the recently developed \u03b3\u2019-strengthened superalloys","volume":"67","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2021.109436","article-title":"Influence of Nb addition on the oxidation behavior of novel Ni-base superalloy","volume":"185","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2022.110100","article-title":"Effect of Nb addition on the internal oxidation of novel Ni-base superalloy","volume":"198","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.05.025","article-title":"A high-throughput methodology search for the optimum cooling rate in an advanced polycrystalline nickel base superalloy","volume":"128","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.10.041","article-title":"A study of solution cooling rate on \u03b3\u2019 precipitate and hardness of a polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy using a high-throughput methodology","volume":"739","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2018.03.059","article-title":"Grain boundary properties of a nickel-based superalloy: Characterisation and modelling","volume":"151","author":"Alabort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.01.064","article-title":"\u03c3 and \u03b7 Phase formation in advanced polycrystalline Ni-base superalloys","volume":"687","author":"Antonov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.103172","article-title":"Design of NiCoCrAl eutectic high entropy alloys by combining machine learning with CALPHAD method","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.111480","article-title":"Correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties of novel Co-Ni-based powder metallurgy superalloy","volume":"181","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.03.064","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on mechanical property and microstructure of a powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy","volume":"754","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2007.11.041","article-title":"Elucidating the effects of solution and double ageing treatment on the mechanical properties and toughness of MAR-M247 superalloy at high temperature","volume":"109","author":"Bor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaunois, J.-R., Cormier, J., Villechaise, P., Devaux, A., and Flageolet, B. (2010, January 10\u201313). Influence of both \u03b3\u2019 distribution and grain size on the tensile properties of UDIMET 720Li at room temperature. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Superalloy 718 & Derivatives, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.7449\/2010\/Superalloys_2010_199_213"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2003.0371","article-title":"Characterization of the microstructure and phase equilibria calculations for the powder metallurgy superalloy IN100","volume":"18","author":"Ghosh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.142524","article-title":"The role of grain boundary sliding and intragranular deformation mechanisms for a steady stage of superplastic flow for Al\u2013Mg-based alloys","volume":"833","author":"Mikhaylovskaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.143079","article-title":"Effects of heat treatment on \u03b3\u2032 precipitates and tensile properties of a Ni-base superalloy","volume":"842","author":"Gai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2018.07.041","article-title":"Effect of solution treatment on microstructure and tensile properties of a U720LI Ni-based superalloy","volume":"156","author":"Wan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.157645","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and elevated temperature tensile properties of Rene 41 alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion","volume":"858","author":"Atabay","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-009-9858-5","article-title":"Strengthening Mechanisms in Polycrystalline Multimodal Nickel-Base Superalloys","volume":"40","author":"Kozar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-009-9512-9","article-title":"Equicohesion: Intermediate Temperature Transition of the Grain Size Effect in the Nickel-Base Superalloy PM 3030","volume":"19","author":"Nganbe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6160(89)90177-6","article-title":"The effect of grain size on the yield strength of the \u03b3\u2032-hardened superalloy NIMONIC PE16","volume":"37","author":"Mangen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Met."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.03.025","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of grain boundary sliding and its dependence on orientation and temperature in pure Zn","volume":"246","author":"Gokhale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2008.04.122","article-title":"Analysis of high-temperature creep deformation in a polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy","volume":"510\u2013511","author":"Soula","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-018-4682-4","article-title":"On the Effect of Nb on the Microstructure and Properties of Next Generation Polycrystalline Powder Metallurgy Ni-Based Superalloys","volume":"49","author":"Christofidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2009.05.012","article-title":"Grain size, grain boundary sliding, and grain boundary interaction effects on nanocrystalline behavior","volume":"520","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900748","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201900748","article-title":"Grain Boundary Processes in Strengthening, Weakening, and Superplasticity","volume":"22","author":"Chokshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.111105","article-title":"Phase discrimination between \u03b4 and \u03b7 phases in the new nickel-based superalloy VDM Alloy 780 using EBSD","volume":"176","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6462(02)00559-6","article-title":"Effect of Ti and Ta on hot cracking susceptibility of directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy IN792","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.07.002","article-title":"Tensile properties of three newly developed Ni-base powder metallurgy superalloys","volume":"804","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2013.02.028","article-title":"Grain growth behaviour during near-\u03b3\u2032 solvus thermal exposures in a polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy","volume":"61","author":"Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-001-0217-4","article-title":"Phase precipitation and phase stability in nimonic 263","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.10.071","article-title":"Hot tensile deformation behaviors and fracture characteristics of a typical Ni-based superalloy","volume":"55","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2016.05.023","article-title":"Grain refinement effects on the strain rate sensitivity and grain boundary sliding in partially solidified Al\u20135 wt% Mg alloy","volume":"667","author":"Takai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soula, A., Renollet, Y., Boivin, D., Pouchou, J., Locq, D., Caron, P., and Brechet, Y. (2008, January 14\u201318). Grain Boundary and Intragranular Deformations during High Temperature Creep of a PM Nickel-Based Superalloy. Proceedings of the 2008 Eleventh International Symposium on Superalloys, TMS, Champion, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.7449\/2008\/Superalloys_2008_387_394"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.07.038","article-title":"Grain boundary sliding and rotational mechanisms of intragranular deformation at different creep stages of high-purity aluminum polycrystals at various temperatures and stresses","volume":"733","author":"Panin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(03)00180-0","article-title":"Deformation of fine-grained alumina by grain boundary sliding accommodated by slip","volume":"51","author":"Ruano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1384","article-title":"Effects of grain refinement on creep properties of K417G superalloy","volume":"50","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Sin."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5416(87)90246-1","article-title":"Steady state creep deformation of superalloy inconel 718","volume":"89","author":"Han","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.156747","article-title":"Modeling the effects of grain boundary sliding and temperature on the yield strength of high strength steel","volume":"851","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-014-2258-5","article-title":"Stress-Induced Grain Growth in an Ultra-Fine Grained Al Alloy","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.12.039","article-title":"Environmentally-assisted grain boundary attack as a mechanism of embrittlement in a nickel-based superalloy","volume":"126","author":"Crudden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2018.05.001","article-title":"Role of oxygen in enhanced fatigue cracking in a PM Ni-based superalloy: Stress assisted grain boundary oxidation or dynamic embrittlment?","volume":"139","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/13\/4524\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:39:06Z","timestamp":1760139546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/13\/4524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15134524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15134524","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]}}}