{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:31:20Z","timestamp":1791617480727,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"High-level Talent Gathering Project in Hunan Province","award":["2019RS1059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019RS1059"]}]},{"name":"High-level Talent Gathering Project in Hunan Province","award":["kfj180302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kfj180302"]}]},{"name":"Changsha University of Science &amp; Technology","award":["2019RS1059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019RS1059"]}]},{"name":"Changsha University of Science &amp; Technology","award":["kfj180302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kfj180302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freeze\u2013thaw damage is one of the most severe threats to the long-term performance of concrete pavement in cold regions. Currently, the freeze\u2013thaw deterioration mechanism of concrete pavement has not been fully understood. This study summarizes the significant findings of concrete pavement freeze\u2013thaw durability performance, identifies existing knowledge gaps, and proposes future research needs. The concrete material deterioration mechanism under freeze\u2013thaw cycles is first critically reviewed. Current deterioration theories mainly include the hydrostatic pressure hypothesis, osmolarity, and salt crystallization pressure hypothesis. The critical saturation degree has been proposed to depict the influence of internal saturation on freeze\u2013thaw damage development. Meanwhile, the influence of pore solution salinity on freeze\u2013thaw damage level has not been widely investigated. Additionally, the deterioration mechanism of the typical D-cracking that occurs in concrete pavement has not been fully understood. Following this, we investigate the coupling effect between freeze\u2013thaw and other loading or environmental factors. It is found that external loading can accelerate the development of freeze\u2013thaw damage, and the acceleration becomes more evident under higher stress levels. Further, deicing salts can interact with concrete during freeze\u2013thaw cycles, generating internal pores or leading to crystalline expansion pressure. Specifically, freeze\u2013thaw development can be mitigated under relatively low ion concentration due to increased frozen points. The interactive mechanism between external loading, environmental ions, and freeze\u2013thaw cycles has not been fully understood. Finally, the mitigation protocols to enhance frost resistance of concrete pavement are reviewed. Besides the widely used air-entraining process, the freeze\u2013thaw durability of concrete can also be enhanced by using fiber reinforcement, pozzolanic materials, surface strengthening, Super Absorbent Polymers (SAPs), and Phase Change Materials. This study serves as a solid base of information to understand how to enhance the freeze\u2013thaw durability of concrete pavement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15134568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T22:43:28Z","timestamp":1656542608000},"page":"4568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Impact of Freeze\u2013Thaw Cycles on the Long-Term Performance of Concrete Pavement and Related Improvement Measures: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"San","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Road and Bridge Group Cooperation Ltd., Guiyang 550000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianwen","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingqin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5153-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Service Life Prediction of Internally Cured Concrete Pavements Using Transport Properties","volume":"2021","author":"Tehrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Airfield Highw. 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