{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:42:32Z","timestamp":1775263352913,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology, the Institute of Material Science of Textile and Polymer Composites, Poland","award":["I42\/501-4-42-1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I42\/501-4-42-1-1"]}]},{"name":"Lodz University of Technology, the Institute of Material Science of Textile and Polymer Composites, Poland","award":["RPLD.01.01.00-10-0002\/17-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPLD.01.01.00-10-0002\/17-00"]}]},{"name":"Lodz University of Technology, the Institute of Material Science of Textile and Polymer Composites, Poland","award":["TANGO2\/339923\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TANGO2\/339923\/NCBR\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Textiles 2020+","award":["I42\/501-4-42-1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I42\/501-4-42-1-1"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Textiles 2020+","award":["RPLD.01.01.00-10-0002\/17-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPLD.01.01.00-10-0002\/17-00"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Textiles 2020+","award":["TANGO2\/339923\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TANGO2\/339923\/NCBR\/2017"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre Poland and the National Centre for Research and Development","award":["I42\/501-4-42-1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I42\/501-4-42-1-1"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre Poland and the National Centre for Research and Development","award":["RPLD.01.01.00-10-0002\/17-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPLD.01.01.00-10-0002\/17-00"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre Poland and the National Centre for Research and Development","award":["TANGO2\/339923\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TANGO2\/339923\/NCBR\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preterm infants, due to immature and dysfunctional skin, have increased water loss through the skin and consequently a decreased body temperature. In order to develop protective garments for preterm infants, it is important to select materials that will protect the child against water and heat loss. The authors are currently involved in the development of protective garments for premature babies, which are similar to baby clothes and contain a membrane that is partially permeable for vapor in combination with textile materials. This article presents the study of materials intended for the production of protective garments for pre-term infants. Samples of materials were investigated to determine biophysical comfort (tests of heat resistance, vapor resistance according to PN-EN ISO 11092:2014-11 and air permeability according to PN-EN ISO 9237) and porosity, surface mass in accordance with PN-EN 12127, and thickness in accordance with PN-EN ISO 5084. In order to determine the porosity of materials and to visualize the structure, tests on computer microtomography were carried out. The mechanical properties of the tested materials and the evaluation of the total hand value were characterized; the samples were tested on the KES device. The aim of this study was to select the most suitable fabrics for protective garments for premature infants to prevent excessive heat and moisture loss from the body, which can lead to hypothermia. For laminates, the optimal results of vapor resistance and heat resistance were obtained for laminate (15 g\u00b7m\u22122 PE foil + 15 g\u00b7m\u22122 PP non-woven), with a level of thermal resistance of 0.0766 m2\u00b7K\u00b7W\u22121 and vapor resistance of 188.729 m2\u00b7Pa\u00b7W\u22121, and for laminate (15 g\u00b7m\u22122 PE foil + 10 g\u00b7m\u22122 PP non-woven), with a level of thermal resistance of 0.0683 m2\u00b7K\u00b7W\u22121 and vapor resistance of 164.085 m2\u00b7Pa\u00b7W\u22121. For knitted fabrics, knitwear single cotton 155 g\u00b7m\u22122 showed the highest thermal resistance (0.0296 m2\u00b7K\u00b7W\u22121), and knitwear interlock polyester 120 g\u00b7m\u22122 showed the lowest thermal resistance (0.0179 m2\u00b7K\u00b7W\u22121). Knitwear cotton 120 g\u00b7m\u22122 had the highest water vapor resistance (8.402 m2\u00b7Pa\u00b7W\u22121), while knitwear interlock polyester 130 g\u00b7m\u22122 sample had the lowest resistance (6.356 m2\u00b7Pa\u00b7W\u22121). Garments for premature babies should have moisture barrier properties and high thermal insulation. They should also be characterized by optimal air permeability properties. Sample two-layer laminate (15 g\u00b7m\u22122 PE foil + 15 g\u00b7m\u22122 PP non-woven) had the best vapor resistance and thermal insulation properties. Moreover, this sample was characterized by good air permeability and surface weight compared to the other laminate samples. During the design of garments for premature babies, it is important to reduce the surface weight to as low as possible. Among the knitted fabrics, a knitwear single cotton 120 g\u00b7m\u22122 knitwear polyester interlock 120 g\u00b7m\u22122 was selected for having the best THV or tactile comfort. In addition, these knits were chosen for their lower surface weight. Based on the conducted tests, two-layer laminate (15 g\u00b7m\u22122 PE foil + 15 g\u00b7m\u22122 PP non-woven), the knitwear single cotton 120 g\u00b7m\u22122, and knitwear polyester interlock 120 g\u00b7m\u22122 were selected for further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15144878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:12:40Z","timestamp":1657757560000},"page":"4878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of Biophysical Properties of Potential Materials for the Manufacture of Protective Garments for Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Wilgocka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Material Science of Textiles and Polymer Composites, Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, 116 \u017beromskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Tricomed SA, 5\/9 \u015awi\u0119toja\u0144ska Street, 93-493 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6565-1750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Skrzetuska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Material Science of Textiles and Polymer Composites, Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, 116 \u017beromskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izabella","family":"Kruci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Material Science of Textiles and Polymer Composites, Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, 116 \u017beromskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"Sujka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tricomed SA, 5\/9 \u015awi\u0119toja\u0144ska Street, 93-493 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrzetuska, E., Puszkarz, A.K., Pycio, Z., and Krucinska, I. (2021). Assessment of the Impact of Clothing Structures for Premature Babies on Biophysical Properties. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154229"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilgocka, K., Skrzetuska, E., Kruci\u0144ska, I., and Sujka, W. (2021). Textronic solutions used for premature babies: A Review. Autex Res. J., 1\u20132.","DOI":"10.2478\/aut-2021-0034"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"123","article-title":"Prewencja hipotermii jatrogennej u noworodk\u00f3w urodzonych przedwcze\u015bnie- Prevention of iatrogenic hypothermia in preterm newborns","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Post\u0119py Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"14","article-title":"Physiological and anaesthetic considerations for the preterm neonate undergoing surgery","volume":"1","author":"Taneja","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neonat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.13112\/PC.2016.4","article-title":"Skin of the very premature newborn-physiology and care","volume":"60","author":"Jurica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr. Croat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.12.003","article-title":"Newborn infant skin: Physiology, development, and care","volume":"33","author":"Visscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2","article-title":"Application of a thermal mannequin to the assessment of the heat insulating power of protective garments for premature babies","volume":"19","author":"Skrzetuska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autex Res. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Nieradko-Iwanicka, B. (2014). Uk\u0142ad termoregulacji cz\u0142owieka i wp\u0142yw czynnik\u00f3w atmosferycznych na odczucia cieplne cz\u0142owieka\u2014Human thermoregulation system and the influence of atmospheric factors on human thermal sensations. Higiena i \u015arodowisko a Zdrowie Cz\u0142owieka. T. 3, Norbertinum."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"153","article-title":"Wieloparametryczna ocena warunk\u00f3w komfortu cieplnego-Multiparametric assessment of thermal comfort conditions","volume":"57","author":"Plutecki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pomiary Autom. Kontrola"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2478\/aut-2020-0003","article-title":"Analysis of the thermal insulation of textiles using thermography and CFD simulation based on micro-CT models","volume":"20","author":"Puszkarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autex Res. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMultCompEng.2018022099","article-title":"Simulations of air permeability of multilayer textiles by the computational fluid dynamics","volume":"16","author":"Puszkarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-019-2509-1","article-title":"The study of footwear thermal insulation using thermography and the finite volume method","volume":"40","author":"Puszkarz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/0887302X9601400401","article-title":"Design and evaluation of clothing for the neonate","volume":"14","author":"Bergen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cloth. Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kong, M., and Zhang, Z. (2010). Functional Fiber. (101792939), Patent CN."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Nour, S. (2009). Neonate or Infant Pulsating Wear. (2033614 A1), Patent EP."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1108\/09556229910291677","article-title":"Microclimate ventilation of infant bedding","volume":"11","author":"Holland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Cloth. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1108\/09556220410527237","article-title":"Intrinsic \u201cdry\u201d thermal resistance of dry infant bedding during use: Part 2: Estimated vs. measured","volume":"16","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cloth. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.05705.x","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of a silk fabric in the treatment of atopic dermatitis","volume":"150","author":"Ricci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"31","article-title":"Trendy rozwojowe w odzie\u017cy dla dzieci przedwcze\u015bnie urodzonych-Development trends in clothing for premature babies","volume":"5","author":"Skrzetuska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d W\u0142\u00f3kienniczy-W\u0142\u00f3kno Odzie\u017c Sk\u00f3ra"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kruci\u0144ska, I., Korycki, R., Skrzetuska, E., Kowalski, K., and Puszkarz, A. (2016). Wybrane Zagadnienia z Metrologii U\u017cytkowej Odzie\u017cy FunkcJonalnej Selected Issues of Functional Metrology of Functional Clothing, Monografie Politechniki \u0141\u00f3dzkiej."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2000). Textiles\u2014Fabrics\u2014Determination of Mass per Unit Area Using Small Samples (Standard No. PN EN 12127: 2000)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(1996). Textiles\u2013Determination of Thickness of Textile Products (Standard No. PN-EN ISO 5084: 1996)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2014). Textiles-Physiological Effects\u2013Measurement of Thermal and Water-Vapor Resistance under Steady-State Conditions (Sweating Guarded-Hotplate Test) (Standard No. PN-EN ISO 11092:2014-11)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(1998). Textiles\u2014Determination of Permeability of Fabrics to Air (Standard No. PN-EN ISO 9237: 1998)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2006.01.002","article-title":"Evaluation of mechanical properties of uniform fabrics in garment manufacturing","volume":"174","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Processing Technol."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/14\/4878\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:49:45Z","timestamp":1760140185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/14\/4878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15144878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15144878","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]}}}