{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:48:37Z","timestamp":1789771717474,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12032009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12032009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12002091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12002091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of seawater to prepare geopolymers has attracted significant research attention; however, the ions in seawater considerably influence the properties of the resulting geopolymers. This study investigated the effects of magnesium salts and alkaline solutions on the microstructure and properties of ground-granulated-blast-furnace-slag-based geopolymers. The magnesium salt\u2013free Na2SiO4-activatied geopolymer exhibited a much higher 28 d compressive strength (63.5 MPa) than the salt-free NaOH-activatied geopolymer (31.4 MPa), with the former mainly containing an amorphous phase (C-(A)-S-H gel) and the latter containing numerous crystals. MgCl2\u00b76H2O addition prolonged the setting times and induced halite and Cl-hydrotalcite formation. Moreover, mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Na2SiO4-activated geopolymer containing 8.5 wt% MgCl2\u00b76H2O exhibited a higher critical pore size (1624 nm) and consequently, a lower 28 d compressive strength (30.1 MPa) and a more loosely bound geopolymer matrix than the salt-free geopolymer. In contrast, MgSO4 addition had less pronounced effects on the setting time, mineral phase, and morphology. The Na2SiO4-activated geopolymer with 9.0 wt% MgSO4 exhibited a compressive strength of 42.8 MPa, also lower than that of the salt-free geopolymer. The results indicate that Cl\u2212 is more harmful to the GGBFS-based geopolymer properties and microstructure than SO42\u2212 is.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15144911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T01:57:11Z","timestamp":1657850231000},"page":"4911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effect of Magnesium Salt (MgCl2 and MgSO4) on the Microstructures and Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)-Based Geopolymer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baifa","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2018.03.033","article-title":"The structure of geopolymers\u2014Theoretical studies","volume":"1163","author":"Ychowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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