{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:22:12Z","timestamp":1776918132762,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51978547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GSGZJ-2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSGZJ-2020-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019AEE023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019AEE023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020BCB064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BCB064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering and Research Center for Mountainous Highways","award":["51978547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978547"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering and Research Center for Mountainous Highways","award":["GSGZJ-2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSGZJ-2020-02"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering and Research Center for Mountainous Highways","award":["2019AEE023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019AEE023"]}]},{"name":"Fund of National Engineering and Research Center for Mountainous Highways","award":["2020BCB064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BCB064"]}]},{"name":"Technological Innovation Major Project of Hubei Province","award":["51978547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978547"]}]},{"name":"Technological Innovation Major Project of Hubei Province","award":["GSGZJ-2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSGZJ-2020-02"]}]},{"name":"Technological Innovation Major Project of Hubei Province","award":["2019AEE023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019AEE023"]}]},{"name":"Technological Innovation Major Project of Hubei Province","award":["2020BCB064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BCB064"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Hubei Province","award":["51978547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978547"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Hubei Province","award":["GSGZJ-2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSGZJ-2020-02"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Hubei Province","award":["2019AEE023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019AEE023"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Hubei Province","award":["2020BCB064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BCB064"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium alginate capsules encapsulating rejuvenator are a promising self-healing technology for asphalt pavement, but the effects of different healing agents on the self-healing performance of asphalt concrete has not been considered. In view of this, this paper aimed at exploring the effects of calcium alginate capsules containing different healing agents on the self-healing properties of asphalt concrete. Three types of capsules with sunflower oil, waste cooking oil and commercial rejuvenator were fabricated via the orifice-coagulation bath method and the interior structure, mechanical strength, thermal stability and oil content of the prepared capsules were characterized. The healing levels of asphalt mixtures with different capsules under different loading cycles and stress levels were evaluated. Furthermore, the saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes (SARA) fractions and rheological property of extracted asphalt binder within test beams with different capsules after different loading conditions were assessed. The results indicated that all the three types of capsules meet the mechanical and thermal requirement of mixing and compaction of asphalt mixtures. The healing levels of test beams containing vegetable oil capsules were higher than that of waste cooking oil capsules and industrial rejuvenator capsules. The strength recovery ratio and fracture energy recovery ratio of test beams with vegetable oil capsules reached 82.8% and 96.6%, respectively, after 20,000 cycles of compressive loading at 1.4 MPa. The fracture energy recovery ratio of the waste cooking oil capsules also reached as high as 90%, indicating that waste cooking oil can be used as the healing agent of calcium alginate capsules to improve the self-healing property of asphalt mixture. This work provides a significant guide for the selection of healing agent for self-healing capsules in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T03:33:20Z","timestamp":1660534400000},"page":"5555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Self-Healing Properties of Asphalt Concrete with Calcium Alginate Capsules Containing Different Healing Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Huoming","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Merchants Chongqing Communications Technology Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400067, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foshan Traffic Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Merchants Chongqing Communications Technology Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400067, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quantao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128541","article-title":"Investigation on low-temperature cracking characteristics of asphalt mixtures: A virtual thermal stress restrained specimen test approach","volume":"347","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128460","article-title":"Exploration for UV Aging Characteristics of Asphalt Binders based on Response Surface Methodology: Insights from the UV Aging Influencing Factors and Their Interactions","volume":"347","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122810","article-title":"Effect of different aqueous solutions on physicochemical properties of asphalt binder","volume":"286","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.039","article-title":"Investigation of crack resistance potential of stress absorbing membrane interlayers (SAMIs) under traffic loading","volume":"38","author":"Ogundipe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb9785","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb9785","article-title":"Asphalt-related emissions are a major missing nontraditional source of secondary organic aerosol precursors","volume":"6","author":"Khare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123691","article-title":"Rheology and volatile organic compounds characteristics of warm-mix flame retardant asphalt","volume":"298","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123479","article-title":"Comparative Assessment of Asphalt Volatile Organic Com-pounds Emission from field to laboratory","volume":"278","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125595","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from asphalt pavement maintenance: A case study in China","volume":"288","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110823","article-title":"Life cycle energy consumption by roads and associated interpretative analysis of sustainable policies","volume":"141","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012019","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/374\/1\/012019","article-title":"Geopolymers and Their Uses: Review","volume":"374","author":"Nergis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000744","article-title":"Crack-healing investigation in bituminous materials","volume":"25","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.09.009","article-title":"Self-healing of open cracks in asphalt mastic","volume":"93","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000080","article-title":"Characterization of fatigue and healing in asphalt binders","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2018.05.003","article-title":"A comprehensive review on self-healing of asphalt materials: Mecha-nism, model, characterization and enhancement","volume":"256","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800536","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201800536","article-title":"Self-healing asphalt review: From idea to practice","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119568","article-title":"Recent advances on self-healing of bituminous materials by the action of en-capsulated rejuvenators","volume":"258","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125079","article-title":"Fabrication, characterization and assessment of the capsules containing rejuvenator for improving the self-healing performance of asphalt materials: A review","volume":"287","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120779","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of calcium alginate-attapulgite composite capsules for long term asphalt self-healing","volume":"265","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.157","article-title":"Micro-encapsulation of asphalt rejuvenators using melamine-formaldehyde","volume":"114","author":"Aguirre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03026249","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of melamine-formaldehyde resin microcapsules containing fragrant oil","volume":"11","author":"Hwang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.03.008","article-title":"Stability investigation of self-healing microcapsules containing rejuvenator for bitumen","volume":"98","author":"Su","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.05.094","article-title":"Synthesis and physicochemical properties of high compact microcapsules containing rejuvenator applied in asphalt","volume":"198\u2013199","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118452","article-title":"Fabrication and application of polyurea formaldehyde-bioasphalt microcapsules as a secondary modifier for the preparation of high self-healing rate SBS modified asphalt","volume":"246","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.017","article-title":"Design, preparation and properties of microcapsules containing rejuvenator for asphalt","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119719","article-title":"Survival and activation behavior of microcapsules in self-healing asphalt mixture","volume":"260","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.03.281","article-title":"Fatigue behavior of microcapsule-induced self-healing asphalt concrete","volume":"188","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128123","article-title":"Enhancing self-healing properties of microcrack on aged asphalt incorporating with microcapsules encapsulating rejuvenator","volume":"344","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120174","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of self-healing microcapsules of asphalt","volume":"263","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021310","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003939","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of calcium alginate capsules encapsulating soybean oil for in situ rejuvenation of aged asphalt","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121417","article-title":"Self-healing of asphalt mastic using capsules containing waste oils","volume":"270","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125258","article-title":"Self-healing properties of asphalt concrete containing responsive calcium alginate\/nano-Fe3O4 composite capsules via microwave irradiation","volume":"310","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122728","article-title":"Properties of Ca-alginate capsules to maximise asphalt self-healing properties","volume":"284","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020401","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003517","article-title":"Investigation of the release and self-healing properties of calcium alginate capsules in asphalt concrete under cyclic compression loading","volume":"33","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.224","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of multi-cavity Ca-alginate capsules used for self-healing in asphalt mixtures","volume":"211","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126721","article-title":"A novel microwave induced oil release pattern of calcium alginate\/nano-Fe3O4 composite capsules for asphalt self-healing","volume":"297","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-019-1376-3","article-title":"Influence of encapsulated sunflower oil on the mechanical and self-healing properties of dense-graded asphalt mixtures","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2004). Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Asphalt Pavements (Standard No. JTG F40-2004)."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019052","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002687","article-title":"Mechanical and self-healing properties of stone mastic asphalt containing encapsulated rejuvenators","volume":"31","author":"Yalcin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/16\/5555\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:07:56Z","timestamp":1760141276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/16\/5555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15165555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15165555","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]}}}