{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:11:24Z","timestamp":1777335084883,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon xerogels were obtained by polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde in a water medium. Their surface was oxidized by ammonium persulfate and then modified with amine groups. Four amines were used: methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, and ethylenediamine, differing in carbon chain length and number of amine groups. The materials were characterized by low-temperature nitrogen sorption, elemental analysis, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and determination of the surface oxygen group content with the use of the Boehm method. The final carbon adsorbents had surface areas ranging from 172\u2013663 m2\/g and acid\u2013base nature. They were applied for adsorption of thymol blue from water solution. The sorption capacities of the studied adsorbents ranged from 83 to 140 mg\/g. The presence of amine groups on the xerogel surface was found to increase its sorption capacity towards the dye studied. The dye adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous, as indicated by the positive values of \u0394H and the negative values of \u0394G, respectively. The kinetics of adsorption of thymol blue was established to be described by the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The character of thymol blue adsorption is much better described by the Langmuir isotherm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1661125861000},"page":"5736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Amine-Modified Carbon Xerogels as Effective Carbon-Based Adsorbents of Anionic Dye from Aqueous Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ptaszkowska-Koniarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 8, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4202-652X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Goscianska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 8, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2365-8919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Bazan-Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 8, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Pietrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 8, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.12.027","article-title":"Nanospongecyclodextrin polyurethanes and their modification with nanomaterials for the removal of pollutants from wastewater: A review","volume":"159","author":"Taka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.11.003","article-title":"Removal of phosphate from water by lanthanum-modified zeolites obtained from fly ash","volume":"513","author":"Goscianska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135058","article-title":"A comparative study on the adsorption behavior and mechanism of pesticides on agricultural film microplastics and straw degradation products","volume":"303","author":"Lan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.06.052","article-title":"Adsorption of solophenyl red 3BL polyazo dye onto amine-functionalized mesoporous carbons","volume":"505","author":"Goscianska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121514","article-title":"Synthesis of new imine-linked covalent organic framework as high efficient absorbent and monitoring the removal of direct fast scarlet 4BS textile dye based on mobile phone colorimetric platform","volume":"385","author":"Afshari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.02.021","article-title":"Equilibrium and kinetic studies of chromotrope 2R adsorption onto ordered mesoporous carbons modified with lanthanum","volume":"270","author":"Goscianska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9116","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c00953","article-title":"Novel triazine-based covalent organic framework as a superadsorbent for the removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions","volume":"59","author":"Afshari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2015.09.042","article-title":"Ordered mesoporous carbons modified with cerium as effective adsorbents for azo dyes removal","volume":"154","author":"Goscianska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.4959","article-title":"Polyaniline\/sulfonated-covalent organic polymer nanocomposite: Structural and dye adsorption properties","volume":"31","author":"Afshari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2014.04.002","article-title":"Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: A review","volume":"209","author":"Yagub","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.10.119","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and adsorption studies of the chemically modified luffa aegypticapeel as a potential adsorbent for the removal of malachite green from aqueous solution","volume":"274","author":"Mashkoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.121241","article-title":"Synthesis of hollow mesoporous manganese dioxide nanoadsorbents with strong negative charge and their ultra-efficient adsorption for cationic dyes","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2011.05.054","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon xerogels at varying sol\u2013gel pHs, dye adsorption and chemical regeneration","volume":"171","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.04.065","article-title":"Activated carbon xerogels for the removal of the anionic azo dyes Orange II and Chromotrope 2R by adsorption and catalytic wet peroxide oxidation","volume":"195\u2013196","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10450-012-9394-2","article-title":"Effect of CO2 activation of carbon xerogels on the adsorption of methylene blue","volume":"18","author":"Contreras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.01.057","article-title":"Removal of rhodamine B from water by modified carbon xerogels","volume":"543","author":"Goscianska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.07.048","article-title":"Potential of nano-carbon xerogels in the remediation of dye-contaminated water discharges","volume":"265","author":"Girgis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10450-010-9272-8","article-title":"Adsorption of dyes on carbon xerogels and templated carbons: Influence of surface chemistry","volume":"17","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2006.03.031","article-title":"Behavior of thymol blue analytical pH-indicator entrapped into sol\u2013gel matrix","volume":"60","author":"Zaggout","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4203(00)00043-8","article-title":"In-situ spectrophotometric pH measurements: The effect of pressure on thymolblue protonation and absorbance characteristics","volume":"71","author":"Hopkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2011.07.033","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methyl red and thymolblue using titania\u2013alumina\u2013zinc ferrite nanocomposite","volume":"107","author":"Hankare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/catal2040447","article-title":"Carbon Xerogel Catalyst for NO Oxidation","volume":"2","author":"Sousa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6223(94)90031-0","article-title":"Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons","volume":"32","author":"Boehm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.06.008","article-title":"Adsorption of dyes on the surface of polymer nanocomposites modified with methylamine and copper(II) chloride","volume":"504","author":"Goscianska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02242a004","article-title":"The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum","volume":"40","author":"Langmuir","year":"1918","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16710","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b04170","article-title":"Facile synthesis of N,S-Codoped hierarchically porous carbon with high volumetric pseudocapacitance","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.03.132","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon xerogels modified with amine groups and copper for efficient adsorption of caffeine","volume":"345","author":"Goscianska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.01.060","article-title":"Stability analysis of functionalized mesoporous carbon materials in aqueous solution","volume":"290","author":"Goscianska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2012.12.004","article-title":"Carbonisation of resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde organic xerogels: Effect of temperature, particle size and heating rate on the porosity of carbon xerogels","volume":"100","author":"Moreno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2014.11.001","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon xerogels and their application in adsorption studies of caffeine and diclofenac as emerging contaminants","volume":"95","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2015.12.047","article-title":"Activated carbons with high nitrogen content by a combination of hydrothermal carbonization with activation","volume":"226","author":"Laginhas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.031","article-title":"3-Aminopropyl-triethoxysilane-functionalized rice husk and rice husk ash reinforced polyamide 6\/graphene oxide sustainable nanocomposites","volume":"94","author":"Allahbakhsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2018.02.009","article-title":"Dispersion stability of the aminosilane-grafted mesoporous carbons in different solvents","volume":"265","author":"Goscianska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microporous Mesopor. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.03.012","article-title":"Mesoporous carbons modified with lanthanum(III) chloride for methyl orange adsorption","volume":"247","author":"Goscianska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2012.05.004","article-title":"Adsorption of lead (II) on SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieve functionalized with \u2013NH2 groups","volume":"160","author":"Nava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.03.101","article-title":"Acid-promoted synthesis of UiO-66 for highly selective adsorption of anionicdyes: Adsorption performance and mechanisms","volume":"499","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.11.227","article-title":"Adsorption of anionic azo dyes from aqueous solution on cationic gemini surfactant-modified flax shives: Synchrotron infrared, optimization and modeling studies","volume":"172","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.07.098","article-title":"Fabrication of granular activated carbons derived from spent coffee grounds by entrapment in calcium alginate beads for adsorption of acid orange 7 and methylene blue","volume":"219","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2013.12.020","article-title":"Removal of cationic and anionic azo dyes from aqueous solutions by adsorption on maize stem tissue","volume":"45","author":"Razmovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.09.002","article-title":"Adsorption and removal of sulfonic dyes from aqueous solution onto a coordination polymeric xerogel with amino groups","volume":"485","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakhsh, E.M., Bilal, M., Ali, M., Ali, J., Wahab, A., Akhtar, K., Fagieh, T.M., Danish, E.Y., Asiri, A.M., and Khan, S.B. (2022). Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Trachycarpusfortunei Seeds for the Removal of Cationic and Anionic Dyes. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15061986"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.30534\/ijatcse\/2020\/100912020","article-title":"Development of novel adsorbent for industrial waste water treatment","volume":"9","author":"Shehata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Trends Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.01.078","article-title":"Adsorption-desorption behavior of magnetic amine\/Fe3O4 functionalized biopolymer resin towards anionic dyes from wastewater","volume":"210","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2012.08.005","article-title":"Evaluation of Performance of Animal Bone Meal as a new low cost adsorbent for the removal of a cationic dye RhodamineB from aqueous solutions","volume":"20","author":"Haddad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"111","article-title":"Removing of thymol blue from aqueous solutions by pomegranate peel","volume":"1","author":"Hasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"959","article-title":"Removal of thymol blue from aqueous solution by natural and modified bentonite: Comparative analysis of ANN and ANFIS models for the prediction of removal percentage","volume":"7","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pollution"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of thymol blue onto powdered activated carbons from garcinia cola nut shells impregnated with H3PO4 and KOH: Non-linear regression analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kuete","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Encapsul. Adsorpt. Sci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/16\/5736\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:12:30Z","timestamp":1760141550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/16\/5736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15165736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15165736","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]}}}