{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T22:35:34Z","timestamp":1784586934588,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52101174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52101174"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Ti2AlC\/TiAl composite with a homogenous architecture was fabricated via spark plasma sintering (SPS) using Ti\/Al\/GNSs composite powders, after ultrasonic mechanical stirring, as raw materials. The phases, microstructure, compressive properties and Vickers hardness of the composite were methodically characterized. We observed the transformation of graphene nanosheets from multi-layer to few-layer by the ultrasonic dispersion and the uniform distribution of few-layer graphene nanosheets in composite powders by ultrasonic mechanical stirring. The composite is mainly composed of rod-shaped Ti2AlC particles and a TiAl matrix, and the formation of rod-shaped morphology with the long axis along the (0001) plane is due to the fact that the growth rate of Ti2AlC parallel to the (0001) plane is much higher than the growth rate along the [0001] direction. The compressive stress and strain of the as-prepared Ti2AlC\/TiAl composite reach 1451.2 MPa and 19.7%, respectively, which are better than some Ti2AlC\/TiAl composites using graphite as the carbon source, and the Vickers hardness remains between 400~500 HV. The fracture morphologies show the deformation and fracture features of Ti2AlC particles, i.e., lamellae kinking and laminated tearing, which could increase the toughness of TiAl alloys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1661125861000},"page":"5766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Investigation on the In Situ Ti2AlC\/TiAl Composite with a Homogenous Architecture by Adding Graphene Nanosheets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"},{"name":"Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-Ferrous Metal New Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"},{"name":"Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-Ferrous Metal New Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingpei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"},{"name":"Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-Ferrous Metal New Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2021.117585","article-title":"Evading the strength-ductility trade-off at room temperature and achieving ultrahigh plasticity at 800 \u00b0C in a TiAl alloy","volume":"225","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.142155","article-title":"Phase transformation and deformation behavior of a TiAl-Nb composite under quasi-static and dynamic loadings","volume":"829","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108328","article-title":"Flow softening mechanism in isothermal compression of \u03b2-solidifying \u03b3-TiAl alloy","volume":"186","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.141723","article-title":"Enhancing high-temperature strength and ductility of \u03b3-TiAl matrix composites with controllable dual alloy structure","volume":"823","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2019.02.028","article-title":"Microstructure evolution and microhardness of TiAl based alloy blade by vacuum suction casting","volume":"163","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2018.02.013","article-title":"Microstructural evolution and high-temperature oxidation mechanisms of a titanium aluminide based alloy","volume":"148","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2016.01.060","article-title":"The effect of postproduction heat treatment on \u03b3-TiAl alloys produced by the GTAW-based additive manufacturing process","volume":"657","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.111196","article-title":"Oxidation resistance of TiAl alloy improved by hot-pack rolling and cyclic heat treatment","volume":"178","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2020.140473","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and anisotropy of tensile properties of TiAl alloy produced via selective electron beam melting","volume":"803","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.160392","article-title":"Effects of the addition of transition metals on phase equilibria and phase transformations in TiAl system in between 1473 and 1073K","volume":"878","author":"Shaaban","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.08.259","article-title":"Role of alloying elements during thermocyclic oxidation of \u03b2\/\u03b3-TiAl alloys at high temperatures","volume":"691","author":"Naveed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.164811","article-title":"History and development of \u03b3-TiAl alloys and the effect of alloying elements on their phase transformations","volume":"909","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2015.09.021","article-title":"Stockinger, Influence of process parameter variation during thermo-mechanical processing of an intermetallic \u03b2-stabilized \u03b3-TiAl based alloy","volume":"109","author":"Huber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.09.044","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of a high Nb-TiAl alloy fabricated by electron beam melting","volume":"160","author":"Kan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.05.028","article-title":"The cavitation of high Nb-containing TiAl alloys during tensile tests around BDTT","volume":"729","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.12.026","article-title":"Enhanced mechanical property with refined microstructure of a novel \u03b3-TiAl\/TiB2 metal matrix composite (MMC) processed via hot isostatic press","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2020.106758","article-title":"Mechanical, tribological and electrochemical corrosion properties of in-situ synthesized Al2O3\/TiAl composites","volume":"120","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.03.111","article-title":"Grinding mechanism and mechanical properties of the in-situ synthesized Al2O3\/TiAl composites","volume":"45","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.02.087","article-title":"Strain partitioning behavior of in situ Ti5Si3\/TiAl composites","volume":"744","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2016.09.015","article-title":"Fabrication of in situ Ti5Si3\/TiAl composites with controlled quasi-network architecture using reactive infiltration","volume":"185","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2020.02.057","article-title":"Mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of Ti2AlC under compression in 25\u20131100 \u00b0C temperature range","volume":"189","author":"Benitez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"109757","article-title":"An interatomic potential for accurately describing the atomic-scale deformation behaviors of Ti2AlC crystal, Comput","volume":"182","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/21663831.2020.1748733","article-title":"Non-classical crystallographic slip in a ternary carbide-Ti2AlC","volume":"8","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110851","article-title":"Balancing the strength and ductility of Ti2AlC\/TiAl composite with a bioinspired micro-nano laminated architecture","volume":"220C","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2022.107563","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of micro-nano Ti2AlC-reinforced TiAl composites","volume":"146","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.01.012","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of in situ TiAl\/Ti2AlC composites prepared by reactive hot pressing","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.141772","article-title":"Microstructural configuration and compressive deformation behavior of a TiAl composite reinforced by Mn and in situ Ti2AlC particles","volume":"823","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.05.152","article-title":"Lamellar structure and effect of Ti2AlC on properties of prepared in-situ TiAl matrix composites","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12565","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR02435C","article-title":"The effects of the formation of a multi-scale reinforcing phase on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a Ti2AlC\/TiAl alloy","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.152200","article-title":"In situ fabrication of Ti-Al\/Ti2AlC composite by hot-press sintering","volume":"813","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.158646","article-title":"Microstructure and compression behavior of in-situ synthesized Ti2AlC reinforced Ti-48Al-2Cr alloy with carbon nanotubes addition","volume":"862","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2009.10.085","article-title":"Synthesis of Ti2AlC by spark plasma sintering of TiAl-carbon nanotube powder mixture","volume":"490","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8192","DOI":"10.1021\/jp710931h","article-title":"Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene nanosheets","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.09.077","article-title":"Preparation and tribological properties of TiAl matrix composites reinforced by multilayer graphene","volume":"67","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.131515","article-title":"Study on interface reaction between multilayer graphene and TiAl alloy","volume":"310","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.01.108","article-title":"Phase transitions and compression properties of Ti2AlC\/TiAl composites fabricated by combustion synthesis reaction","volume":"539","author":"Shu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2017.02.025","article-title":"Formation of TiC\/Ti2AlC and \u03b12+\u03b3 in in-situ TiAl composites with different solidification paths","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2016.12.008","article-title":"Understanding the role of carbon atoms on microstructure and phase transformation of high Nb containing TiAl alloys","volume":"124","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Char."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2022.111124","article-title":"Fabrication, microstructure and compressive properties of Ti2AlC\/TiAl composite with a bioinspired laminated structure","volume":"201","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2009.0327","article-title":"Rapid synthesis of bulk Ti2AlC by self-propagating high temperature combustion synthesis with a pseudo-hot isostatic pressing process","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2012.09.123","article-title":"Effect of B4C size on the fabrication and compression properties of in situ TiB2-Ti2AlC\/TiAl composites","volume":"551","author":"Shu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16783","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b02023","article-title":"Ti2Al (C, N) solid solution reinforcing TiAl-based composites: Evolution of a core-shell structure, interfaces, and mechanical properties","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/16\/5766\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:13:04Z","timestamp":1760141584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/16\/5766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15165766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15165766","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]}}}