{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:34:57Z","timestamp":1777653297149,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"postdoctoral researcher","award":["KREF146407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KREF146407"]}]},{"name":"postdoctoral researcher","award":["FF(KU)25.64"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(KU)25.64"]}]},{"name":"King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang","award":["KREF146407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KREF146407"]}]},{"name":"King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang","award":["FF(KU)25.64"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(KU)25.64"]}]},{"name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute","award":["KREF146407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KREF146407"]}]},{"name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute","award":["FF(KU)25.64"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(KU)25.64"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The upgrading of plant-based oils to liquid transportation fuels through the hydrotreating process has become the most attractive and promising technical pathway for producing biofuels. This work produced bio-jet fuel (C9\u2013C14 hydrocarbons) from palm olein oil through hydrocracking over varied metal phosphide supported on porous biochar catalysts. Relative metal phosphide catalysts were investigated for the highest performance for bio-jet fuel production. The palm oil\u2019s fiber-derived porous biochar (PFC) revealed its high potential as a catalyst supporter. A series of PFC-supported cobalt, nickel, iron, and molybdenum metal phosphides (Co-P\/PFC, Ni-P\/PFC, Fe-P\/PFC, and Mo-P\/PFC) catalysts with a metal-loading content of 10 wt.% were synthesized by wet-impregnation and a reduction process. The performance of the prepared catalysts was tested for palm oil hydrocracking in a trickle-bed continuous flow reactor under fixed conditions; a reaction temperature of 420 \u00b0C, LHSV of 1 h\u22121, and H2 pressure of 50 bar was found. The Fe-P\/PFC catalyst represented the highest hydrocracking performance based on 100% conversion with 94.6% bio-jet selectivity due to its higher active phase dispersion along with high acidity, which is higher than other synthesized catalysts. Moreover, the Fe-P\/PFC catalyst was found to be the most selective to C9 (35.4%) and C10 (37.6%) hydrocarbons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15196584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T21:10:05Z","timestamp":1663881005000},"page":"6584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Porous Biochar Supported Transition Metal Phosphide Catalysts for Hydrocracking of Palm Oil to Bio-Jet Fuel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0491-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Napat","family":"Kaewtrakulchai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"College of Material Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Araya","family":"Smuthkochorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Particle Technology and Material Processing, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-3233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanit","family":"Manatura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University Khamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4316-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gasidit","family":"Panomsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3429-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Fuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Ceramic Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Tajimi 507-0071, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2090-7334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apiluck","family":"Eiad-Ua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Material Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2015.03.030","article-title":"Catalytic upgrading of vegetable oils into jet fuels range hydrocarbons using heterogeneous catalysts: A review","volume":"29","author":"Galadima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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