{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:38:55Z","timestamp":1790883535699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst DAAD"},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG Forschergruppe 627 \u201cNanohale\u201d"},{"name":"Forschergruppe 495 \u201cBiohybridverbindungen\u201d"},{"name":"Surface and interface Technologies GmbH (Germany)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional liposomes often lack stability, limiting their applicability and usage apart from intravenous routes. Nevertheless, their advantages in drug encapsulation and physicochemical properties might be helpful in oral and pulmonary drug delivery. This study investigated the feasibility and stability of liposomes containing tetraether lipids (TEL) from Thermoplasma acidophilum. Liposomes composed of different molar ratios of TEL:Phospholipon 100H (Ph) were produced and exposed to various temperature and pH conditions. The effects on size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were examined by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering. Autoclaving, which was considered an additional process step after fabrication, could minimize contamination and prolong shelf life, and the stability after autoclaving was tested. Moreover, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein leakage was measured after incubation in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) and lung surfactant (Alveofact). The incorporation of TEL into the liposomes significantly impacted the stability against low pH, higher temperatures, and even sterilization by autoclaving. The stability of liposomes containing TEL was confirmed by atomic force microscopy as images revealed similar sizes and morphology before and after incubation with FCS. It could be concluded that increasing the molar ratio in the TEL:Ph liposome formulations improved the structural stability against high temperature, low pH, sterilization via autoclaving, and the presence of FCS and lung surfactant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15196995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T20:49:31Z","timestamp":1665348571000},"page":"6995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Highly Stable Liposomes Based on Tetraether Lipids as a Promising and Versatile Drug Delivery System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aybike","family":"Hemetsberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Preis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Engelhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Gutberlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Runkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3895-0453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udo","family":"Bakowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(65)80093-6","article-title":"Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids","volume":"13","author":"Bangham","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. 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