{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:54:35Z","timestamp":1785336875401,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Khalid University","award":["RGP. 2\/101\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP. 2\/101\/43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The resistance to delamination in polymer composite depends on their constituents, manufacturing process, environmental factors, specimen geometry, and loading conditions. The manufacturing of laminated composites is usually carried out at an elevated temperature, which induces thermal stresses in composites mainly due to a mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of fiber and matrix. This work aims to investigate the effect of these process-induced stresses on mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness (GI) of Glass-Carbon-Epoxy (GCE) and Glass-Epoxy (GE) composites. These composites are prepared using a manual layup technique and cured under room temperature, followed by post-curing using different curing conditions. Double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens were used to determine GI experimentally. The slitting technique was used to estimate residual stresses (longitudinal and transverse direction of crack growth) inherited in cured composites and the impact of these stresses on GI was investigated. Delaminated surfaces of composites were examined using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the effect of post-curing on the mode-I failure mechanism. It was found that GI of both GE and GEC composites are sensitive to the state of residual stress in the laminas. The increase in the GI of laminates can also be attributed to an increase in matrix deformation and fiber\u2013matrix interfacial bond with the increase in post-curing temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15207135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T22:21:11Z","timestamp":1665699671000},"page":"7135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["On the Residual Stresses and Fracture Toughness of Glass\/Carbon Epoxy Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9369-7913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Umarfarooq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Material Science, School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Gouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, SDM College of Engineering & Technology, Dharwad 580002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1280-6234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Banapurmath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Material Science, School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kittur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8619-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tabrej","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2247-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Badruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7838-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarfaraz","family":"Kamangar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3551-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hussien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pesticide Formulation Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Assessment on Residual Stress Measurement in FRP Composites Using Relaxation Techniques","volume":"18","author":"Abdulkhadar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pagano, N.J., and Schoeppner, G.A. (2000). Comprehensive Composite Materials, Elsevier Ltd."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Thakur, V.K., Thakur, M.K., and Gupta, R.K. (2017). Hybrid Polymer Composite Materials: Structure and Chemistry, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2016.08.005","article-title":"Determination of ply level residual stresses in a laminated carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composite using constant, linear and quadratic variations of the incremental slitting method","volume":"90","author":"Gower","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"307","article-title":"Effect of Process Induced Residual Stress on Interlaminar Fracture Toughness on Hybrid Composites","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Werner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mechanics of Composite, Hybrid and Multifunctional Materials"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"295","article-title":"Determination of Stress Free Temperature in Composite Laminates for Residual Stress Modeling","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Werner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mechanics of Composite, Hybrid and Multifunctional Materials"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7496(99)00016-0","article-title":"Energy release rate analysis for adhesive and laminate double cantilever beam specimens emphasizing the effect of residual stresses","volume":"20","author":"Nairn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Laik, S., and Skordos, A.A. (2012, January 24\u201328). Influence of residual stress on the delamination and shear response of carbon epoxy composites. Proceedings of the ECCM15\u201415th European Conference On Composite Materials, Venice, Italy."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/089270579300600206","article-title":"The influence of residual stresses on mode i interlaminar fracture of thermoplastic composites","volume":"6","author":"Gillespie","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Michelle, N.S., Werner, B.T., and Foulk, J.W. (2016). Experimental and Computational Investigations into the Effect of Process Induced Stresses on the Mode I Fracture Toughness of Composite, Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA). Materials. No. SAND2016-5554C."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12289-009-0676-5","article-title":"Designing curing conditions in order to analyse the influence of process-induced stresses upon some mechanical properties of carbon\/epoxy laminates at constant T g and degree of cure","volume":"3","author":"Olivier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Form."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/096369359600500601","article-title":"The effects of starter film thickness, residual stresses and layup on G (Ic) of a 0-deg\/0-deg interface","volume":"5","author":"Robinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105652","article-title":"Banapurmath, and Abhilash Edacherian. Impact of process induced residual stresses on interlaminar fracture toughness in carbon epoxy composites","volume":"127","author":"Umarfarooq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2013). Standard Test Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites (Standard No. ASTM D5528-13)."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.10.001","article-title":"A comparison between the slitting method and the classical lamination theory in determination of macro-residual stresses in laminated composites","volume":"96","author":"Shokrieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-013-9768-8","article-title":"Slitting measurement of residual hoop stresses through the wall-thickness of a filament wound composite ring","volume":"53","author":"Akbari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3098926","article-title":"Residual stress measurement by successive extension of a slot: The crack compliance method","volume":"52","author":"Prime","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Ply Orientation on Residual Stresses and Their Influence on Mode I Fracture Toughness of Glass-Epoxy Composites with 0\u00b0\/\/0\u00b0 Crack Interface","volume":"18","author":"Umarfarooq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2019.04.008","article-title":"Application of slitting method to characterize the effects of thermal fatigue, lay-up arrangement and MWCNTs on the residual stresses of laminated composites","volume":"134","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2204952","article-title":"Use of inverse solutions for residual stress measurements","volume":"128","author":"Schajer","year":"2006","journal-title":"ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2019.05.010","article-title":"Repeated slitting safe distance in the measurement of residual stresses","volume":"157","author":"Salehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Cheng, W., and Finnie, I. (2007). Residual Stress Measurement and the Slitting Method, Springer."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schajer, G.S. (2013). Practical Residual Stress Measurement Methods, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118402832"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shokrieh, M.M. (2014). Residual Stresses in Composite Materials, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857098597.1.173"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020038","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5085609","article-title":"Determination of residual stresses in GFRP composite using incremental slitting method by the aid of strain gauge","volume":"Volume 2057","author":"Umarfarooq","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025205","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aaee46","article-title":"A comparative experimental study for determination of residual stress in laminated composites using ring core, incremental hole drilling, and slitting methods","volume":"6","author":"Ghaedamini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2005.05.019","article-title":"Mechanisms generating residual stresses and distortion during manufacture of polymer\u2013matrix composite structures","volume":"37","author":"Wisnom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1177\/002199803031057","article-title":"Determination of residual stress in composite laminates using the incremental hole-drilling method","volume":"37","author":"Sicot","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2007.08.025","article-title":"Correction method for evaluation of interfacial fracture toughness of DCB, ENF and MMB specimens with residual thermal stresses","volume":"68","author":"Yokozeki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-87286-9.50009-7","article-title":"Relationship of matrix toughness to interlaminar fracture toughness","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Bradley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Composite Materials Series"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00567748","article-title":"Influence of cooling rate on interlaminar fracture properties of unidirectional commingled CF\/PEEK composites","volume":"2","author":"Andrew","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1179\/146580199101540358","article-title":"Fractographic study of static and fatigue failures in polymer composites","volume":"28","author":"Hiley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plast. Rubber Compos."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco Leandro, A.L. (2011). Fractography of Composite Materials. Wiley Encycl. Compos., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118097298.weoc094"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.10168","article-title":"The influence of post-cure on properties of carbon\/phenolic resin cured composites and their final carbon\/carbon composites","volume":"21","author":"Ko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/20\/7135\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:53:30Z","timestamp":1760144010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/20\/7135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15207135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15207135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]}}}