{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T08:40:32Z","timestamp":1790498432918,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences (Poland)","award":["5\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences (Poland)","award":["005\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["005\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education program \u201cRegional Initiative of Excellence\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education program \u201cRegional Initiative of Excellence\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["005\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["005\/RID\/2018\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the presented study was to apply various bark species (birch, beech, maple, pine and spruce) as fillers for urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin in three-layer plywood manufacturing. For this purpose, all types of bark were ground and added to the adhesive mixture. The resultant plywood was subjected to investigations of the following: tensile strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR) and formaldehyde emission. The results indicate a reduction in the tensile strength. Moreover, the lack of significant improvement in strength parameters can be explained by too high a load of the filler (20 wt%). In the case of formaldehyde emissions, a reduction was observed for birch (B-1), beech (B-2), maple (B-3) and pine bark (B-4). In addition, an increase in the emission of formaldehyde was recorded only for spruce bark.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15207201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T02:29:46Z","timestamp":1665973786000},"page":"7201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Application of Various Bark Species as a Fillers for UF Resin in Plywood Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8365-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Walkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38\/42, 60-627 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5539-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Kawalerczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38\/42, 60-627 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Mirski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38\/42, 60-627 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6197-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Dziurka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38\/42, 60-627 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4867-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Wieruszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38\/42, 60-627 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6727","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.14.3.6727-6735","article-title":"Flour Fillers with Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood","volume":"14","author":"Kawalerczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-019-01409-8","article-title":"Lignocellulosic Waste Fibers and Their Application as a Component of Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive Composition in the Manufacture of Plywood","volume":"77","author":"Bekhta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-015-0955-4","article-title":"Fumed Silica as a Filler for MUPF Resin in the Process of Manufacturing Water-Resistant Plywood","volume":"74","author":"Dukarska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"27","article-title":"Tool Wear Properties of Five Extender\/Fillers in Adhesive Mixes for Plywood","volume":"55","author":"Sellers","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"21","article-title":"Combustion of Plywood Waste in a Low-Power Boiler","volume":"55","author":"Cichy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drew. Pr. Nauk. Doniesienia Komun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7859","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.11.3.Pasztory","article-title":"The Utilization of Tree Bark","volume":"11","author":"Pasztory","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-100X.2005.00089.x","article-title":"Incorporating Restoration in Sustainable Forestry Management: Using Pine-Bark Mulch to Improve Native Species Establishment on Tephra Deposits","volume":"13","year":"2005","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Dou, J. (2015). Willow Inner Bark as a Potential Source of Fibres and Chemicals. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Aalto University School of Chemical Technology]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(88)80753-2","article-title":"Polyphenols of Quercus Robur: Adult Tree and in Vitro Grown Calli and Shoots","volume":"27","author":"Scalbert","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9502461","article-title":"Low Molecular Weight Phenolic Compounds in Spanish Oak Woods","volume":"44","author":"Conde","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1515\/HF.2007.028","article-title":"Ellagitannins from Portuguese Oak Wood (Quercus Pyrenaica Willd.) Used in Cooperage: Influence of Geographical Origin, Coarseness of the Grain and Toasting Level","volume":"61","author":"Laureano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wood Res. Technol. Holzforsch."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-019-01446-3","article-title":"Comparative Study on Radical Scavenging Activity and Phenolic Compounds Content in Water Bark Extracts of Alder (Alnus Glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), Oak (Quercus Robur, L.) and Pine (Pinus Sylvestris, L.)","volume":"77","author":"Skrypnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.15.2.4052-4064","article-title":"Hemp Flour as a Formaldehyde Scavenger for Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Production","volume":"15","author":"Kawalerczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirski, R., Kawalerczyk, J., Dziurka, D., Siuda, J., and Wieruszewski, M. (2020). The Application of Oak Bark Powder as a Filler for Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11121249"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"285","article-title":"Spent Tea Leaves as Extender and Scavenger for Urea Formaldehyde-Bonded Plywood","volume":"147","author":"Mari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philipp. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghiyari, H.R., Hosseini, S.B., Ghahri, S., Ghofrani, M., and Papadopoulos, A.N. (2020). Formaldehyde Emission in Micron-Sized Wollastonite-Treated Plywood Bonded with Soy Flour and Urea-Formaldehyde Resin. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10196709"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2012.1148.1153","article-title":"Effect of Jatropha Seed Oil Meal and Rubber Seed Oil Meal as Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Adhesive Extender on the Bonding Strength of Plywood","volume":"12","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"493","article-title":"Effect of Palm Kernel Meal as Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Adhesive Extender for Plywood Application: Using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Study","volume":"Volume 121","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Applied Mechanics and Materials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2018.05.014","article-title":"Palm Kernel Meal as a Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Adhesive Filler for Plywood Applications","volume":"85","author":"Ong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., R\u00e9h, R., and Kri\u0161t\u2019\u00e1k, L. (2020). Analysis of Larch-Bark Capacity for Formaldehyde Removal in Wood Adhesives. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030764"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"307","article-title":"Efficiency of Bark for Reduction of Formaldehyde Emission from Particleboards","volume":"64","author":"Medved","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wood Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-221X2011000300009","article-title":"Weathering Performance of Particleboards Manufactured from Blends of Forest Residues with Red Pine (Pinus Brutia) Wood","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maderas. Cienc. Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e9h, R., Igaz, R., Kri\u0161t\u2019\u00e1k, L., Ru\u017eiak, I., Gajtanska, M., Bo\u017e\u00edkov\u00e1, M., and Ku\u010derka, M. (2019). Functionality of Beech Bark in Adhesive Mixtures Used in Plywood and Its Effect on the Stability Associated with Material Systems. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12081298"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3250","article-title":"Influence of Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive Modification with Beech Bark on Chosen Properties of Plywood","volume":"12","author":"Igaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-016-1096-0","article-title":"Utilization of Bark Flours as Additive in Plywood Manufacturing","volume":"75","author":"Aydin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.15.1.1692-1701","article-title":"Effects of Using Bark Particles with Various Dimensions as a Filler for Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood","volume":"15","author":"Mirski","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(1996). Wood-Based Panels-Determination of Moisture Content (Standard No. EN 322)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2004). Plywood\u2013Bond Quality\u2013Test Methods (Standard No. EN 314-1)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(1994). Wood-Based Panels\u2013Determination of Modulus of Elasticity in Bending and of Bending Strength (Standard No. EN 310)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(1996). Wood-Based Panels\u2013Determination of Formaldehyde Release\u2013Part 3: Formaldehyde Release by the Flask Method (Standard No. EN 717-3)."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Mechanical and Physical Properties of Particleboards Made from Ailanthus Wood and UF Resin Fortified by Acacias Tannins Blend","volume":"6","author":"Elbadawi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1002\/app.25343","article-title":"Urea\u2013Formaldehyde-Resin Gel Time as Affected by the PH Value, Solid Content, and Catalyst","volume":"103","author":"Xing","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2003.11.006","article-title":"Influence of Impregnating Wood Particles with Mimosa Bark Extract on Some Properties of Particleboard","volume":"20","author":"Nemli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"743","article-title":"Technics and Properties of Plywood Manufacture with Modified Urea-Formaldehyde Resin","volume":"Volume 602","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Advanced Materials Research"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e9h, R., Kri\u0161\u0165\u00e1k, \u013d., Sedlia\u010dik, J., Bekhta, P., Bo\u017eikov\u00e1, M., Kunecov\u00e1, D., Voz\u00e1rov\u00e1, V., Tudor, E.M., Antov, P., and Savov, V. (2021). Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13040511"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s001070050144","article-title":"Tannin-Based Adhesives for Bonding High-Moisture Eucalyptus Veneers: Influence of Tannin Extraction and Press Conditions","volume":"54","author":"Antorrena","year":"1996","journal-title":"Holz Als Roh Und Werkst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2020.1753515","article-title":"Enhancing the Performance of Low Molar Ratio Urea\u2013Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives via in-Situ Modification with Intercalated Nanoclay","volume":"97","author":"Lubis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.1986.080240910","article-title":"Polymerization of Lignin Model Compounds with Formaldehyde in Acidic Aqueous Medium","volume":"24","author":"Strauss","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1108\/03699421211264857","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Tannin-Phenol Formaldehyde Resin for Producing Wood Composites","volume":"41","author":"Jahanshaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pigment. Resin Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"2306","article-title":"Determination of Activation Energy of the Pellets and Sawdust Using Thermal Analysis","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agron. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2020.1756788","article-title":"Systematic Assessment of Wheat Extenders in Formaldehyde-Condensation Plywood Resins: Part II\u2013Mechanical Properties of Plywood Panels","volume":"97","author":"Hogger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/20\/7201\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:54:55Z","timestamp":1760144095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/20\/7201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15207201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15207201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]}}}