{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:47:02Z","timestamp":1784310422174,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focused on the production and characterization of phosphate glass fibers (PGF) for application as composite reinforcement. Phosphate glasses belonging to the system 52P2O524CaO13MgO (11-(X + Y)) K2OXFe2O3YTiO2 (X:1, 3, 5) and (Y:0.5, 1) were elaborated and converted to phosphate glass fibers. First, their mechanical properties and chemical durability were investigated. Then, the optimized PGF compositions were used afterward as reinforcement for thermosetting composite materials. Polyester matrices reinforced with short phosphate glass fibers (sPGF) up to 20 wt % were manufactured by the contact molding process. The mechanical and morphological properties of different sPGF-reinforced polyester systems were evaluated. The choice between the different phosphate-based glass syntheses (PGFs) was determined by their superior mechanical performance, their interesting chemical durability, and their high level of dispersion in the polyester matrix without any ad sizing as proven by SEM morphological analysis. Moreover, the characterization of mechanical properties revealed that the tensile and flexural moduli of the developed polyester-based composites were improved by increasing the sPGF content in the polymer matrix in perfect agreement with Takayanagi model predictions. The present work thus highlights some promising results to obtain high-quality phosphate glass fiber-reinforced polyester parts which can be transposed to other thermosetting or thermoplastic-based composites for high-value applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15217601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T07:26:50Z","timestamp":1667114810000},"page":"7601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Development and Characterization of Phosphate Glass Fibers and Their Application in the Reinforcement of Polyester Matrix Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nezha","family":"Saloumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Textile Materials Research Laboratory (REMTEX), Higher School of Textile and Clothing Industries (ESITH), Casablanca 20000, Morocco"},{"name":"Engineering and Materials Laboratory (LIMAT), Faculty of Science Ben M\u2019Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20670, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iliass","family":"Daki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Textile Materials Research Laboratory (REMTEX), Higher School of Textile and Clothing Industries (ESITH), Casablanca 20000, Morocco"},{"name":"Engineering and Materials Laboratory (LIMAT), Faculty of Science Ben M\u2019Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20670, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8788-490X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"El Bouchti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Textile Materials Research Laboratory (REMTEX), Higher School of Textile and Clothing Industries (ESITH), Casablanca 20000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Oumam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Materials Laboratory (LIMAT), Faculty of Science Ben M\u2019Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20670, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouchaib","family":"Manoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department, Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir 43150, Morocco"},{"name":"Radiation-Matter and Instrumentation, Hassan First University of Settat, FST, Settat 26000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4831-8635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Yousfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Polymeric Materials Engineering, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, University Jean Monnet, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hannache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Materials Laboratory (LIMAT), Faculty of Science Ben M\u2019Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20670, Morocco"},{"name":"Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department, Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Cherkaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Textile Materials Research Laboratory (REMTEX), Higher School of Textile and Clothing Industries (ESITH), Casablanca 20000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling1010178","article-title":"Recycling approach towards sustainability advance the composite materials industry","volume":"1","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Recycling"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, R.M., Martinho, A., and Oliveira, J.P. (2022). Recycling of reinforced glass fibers waste: Current status. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041596"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126320","article-title":"Evaluating the potential use of recycled glass fibers for the development of gypsum-based composites","volume":"321","author":"Martinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2018.12.007","article-title":"Fast processing and continuous simulation of automotive structural composite components","volume":"171","author":"Henning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2022.107098","article-title":"GFRP biocomposites produced with a novel high-performance bio-based unsaturated polyester resin","volume":"161","author":"Hofmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/0734904112439293","article-title":"Thermal decomposition and fire behavior of glass fiber\u2013reinforced polyester resin composites containing phosphate-based fire-retardant additives","volume":"30","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fire Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34764","article-title":"Processing and characterization of phosphate glass fiber\/polylactic acid commingled yarn composites for commercial production","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998319844306","article-title":"Chemical resistance of carbon, basalt, and glass fibers used in FRP reinforcing bars","volume":"53","author":"Cousin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3363\/prb1992.15.0_35","article-title":"New Formulations of Glass Based on Moroccan Natural Phosphate","volume":"15","author":"Nadiri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phosphorus Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.08.087","article-title":"Titanium incorporated Zinc-Phosphate bioactive glasses for bone tissue repair and regeneration: Impact of Ti4+ on physicomechanical and in vitro bioactivity","volume":"45","author":"Babu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2018.06.018","article-title":"Molecular dynamics simulations of P2O5-Fe2O3-FeO-Na2O glasses","volume":"500","author":"Goj","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawkes, P.W., and Spence, J.C.H. (2019). Springer Handbook of Microscopy, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00069-1"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"102","article-title":"Molecular dynamics simulations of P2O5-Fe2O3-FeO glass system","volume":"70","author":"Goj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Ceram. Ceram. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2008.06.004","article-title":"In vitro behavior of bioactive phosphate glass\u2013ceramics from the system P2O5\u2013Na2O\u2013CaO containing titania","volume":"35","author":"ElBatal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2010.09.019","article-title":"Structural and in vitro characterization of TiO2-CaO-P2O5 bioglasses","volume":"356","author":"Lucacel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.07.048","article-title":"Bioactivity studies on TiO2-bearing Na2O\u2013CaO\u2013SiO2\u2013B2O3 glasses","volume":"57","author":"Mohini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03474.x","article-title":"Physicochemical degradation of titania-stabilized soluble phosphate glasses for medical applications","volume":"86","author":"Navarro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2004.02.008","article-title":"Dielectric properties and structural features of barium-iron phosphate glasses","volume":"336","author":"Bergo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2008.02.016","article-title":"The structural dual role of Fe2O3 in some lead-phosphate glasses","volume":"48","author":"Magdas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vib. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2014.10.029","article-title":"FTIR spectra and thermal properties of TiO2-doped iron phosphate glasses","volume":"1081","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1515\/bglass-2018-0006","article-title":"Effects of Fe2O3 addition and annealing on the mechanical and dissolution properties of MgO-and CaO-containing phosphate glass fibers for bio-applications","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Glas."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2011.12.034","article-title":"The effects of SiO2 and K2O on glass forming ability and structure of CaOTiO2P2O5 glass system","volume":"38","author":"Mooghari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2014.10.061","article-title":"Raman and FTIR spectra of modified iron phosphate glasses containing arsenic","volume":"1081","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-0981-1","article-title":"Structural thermal and dissolution properties of MgO-and CaO-containing borophosphate glasses: Effect of Fe2O3 addition","volume":"52","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200700931","article-title":"Antimicrobial gallium-doped phosphate-based glasses","volume":"18","author":"Valappil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-012-4708-1","article-title":"Material characterization and cytocompatibility assessment of quinternary phosphate glasses","volume":"23","author":"Hasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015122709576","article-title":"The effect of MgO on the solubility behavior and cell proliferation in a quaternary soluble phosphate-based glass system","volume":"13","author":"Franks","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2021.120655","article-title":"Effect of TiO2 on the chemical durability and optical properties of Mo-based phosphate glasses","volume":"558","author":"Bih","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328214539824","article-title":"Effect of boron oxide addition on fiber drawing, mechanical properties and dissolution behavior of phosphate-based glass fibers with fixed 40, 45 and 50 mol% P2O5","volume":"29","author":"Sharmin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2007.11.007","article-title":"Effect of increasing titanium dioxide content on bulk and surface properties of phosphate-based glasses","volume":"4","author":"Neel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(99)00304-X","article-title":"Effect of melting temperature and time on iron valence and crystallization of iron phosphate glasses","volume":"249","author":"Ray","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(97)00393-1","article-title":"Structural features of iron phosphate glasses","volume":"222","author":"Marasinghe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ma, L.N. (2014). Dissolution Behavior of Phosphate Glasses. [Ph.D. Thesis, Missouri University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119587","article-title":"Structural, chemical and mechanical properties of phosphate glass fibers","volume":"522","author":"Saloumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00096-4","article-title":"Natural fibers: Can they replace glass in fiber reinforced plastics","volume":"63","author":"Wambua","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"15","article-title":"Studies on mechanical properties of jute\/E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites","volume":"4","author":"Sanjay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(01)00152-X","article-title":"Tensile dynamic behavior of a quasi-unidirectonal E-glass\/polyester composite","volume":"62","author":"Pardo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-010-0732-2","article-title":"Enhancement of the mechanical properties of glass\/polyester composites via matrix modification glass\/polyester composite siloxane matrix modification","volume":"11","author":"Erden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.25668","article-title":"Tensile properties of glass fiber-reinforced polyester composites at extremely cold temperatures","volume":"41","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1007\/s10118-013-1342-4","article-title":"Mechanical properties of hybrid glass\/sugar palm fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites","volume":"31","author":"Sapuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2007.06.006","article-title":"Mechanical properties of palmyra\/glass fiber hybrid composites","volume":"38","author":"Velmurugan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.109227","article-title":"Chemo-rheological studies and monitoring of high-Tg reactive polyphtalamides towards a fast innovative RTM processing of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites","volume":"120","author":"Dkier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2020.108037","article-title":"Vinylester\/glass fiber interface: Still a key component for designing new styrene-free SMC composite materials","volume":"190","author":"Dubost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-3538(87)90017-0","article-title":"Debonding and friction at fiber-polymer interfaces. I: Criteria for failure and sliding","volume":"30","author":"Piggott","year":"1987","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Li, C., Hailatihan, B., Mi, L., Baheti, Y., and Yan, Y. (2022). Effect of the Addition of Thermoplastic Resin and Composite on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14061087"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2","article-title":"Polymer Blends and Composites","volume":"306","author":"Manson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Plenum Press A Div. Plenum Publ. Corp. N. Y."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Theocaris, P.S. (2012). The Mesophase Concept in Composites, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takayanagi, M., Imada, K., and Kajiyama, T. (1967). Mechanical properties and fine structure of drawn polymers. Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia, Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company.","DOI":"10.1002\/polc.5070150118"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11043-011-9148-7","article-title":"Strain rate-and temperature-dependent tensile properties of an epoxy-based, thermosetting, shape memory polymer (Veriflex-E)","volume":"16","author":"McClung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Time-Depend. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.06.103","article-title":"A unified model for stiffness modulus of amorphous polymers across transition temperatures and strain rates","volume":"46","author":"Richeton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/21\/7601\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:37Z","timestamp":1760144737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/21\/7601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15217601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15217601","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]}}}