{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:21:29Z","timestamp":1782307289085,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From an offensive point of view, increasing the impact velocity of the projectile is an effective way to enlarge its penetration depth. However, as the projectile penetrates the target, there often exists an angle of attack, the resultant force on the projectile is in a different direction from that of projectile velocity, which causes the deflection of the projectile, and thus the strike effect is greatly weakened. From the other perspective, the deflection of the projectile can contribute to proactive protection of key targets from damage caused by a deeper penetration which has been an important consideration for actual protective structure. Presently, investigations on the deflection mechanism of the impact projectile are relatively few, and there is especially a lack of more comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies. In this paper, the mechanism of projectile deflection when penetrating a composite concrete target is thoroughly analyzed. The composite concrete target composed of a concrete fixed target and multiple diamond-shaped moving targets, similar to the structural system for multi-layer overlay extension, showed better anti-penetration performance in practical protective structures. The analytical model of projectile deflection during penetrating the target is established through simultaneously resolving the dynamic equations for the projectile and moving target. Penetration tests of the composite concrete target plate impacted by a 76 mm projectile were conducted to examine the effectiveness of the analytical model, where impact velocity and point and the size of the moving target were considered. On this basis, the influences of impact velocity and point on the deflection of the projectile are disclosed, and the effects of parameters of moving target are discussed. These findings can provide significant references for optimization of advanced protective structures and improvement of their anti-penetration performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15227871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T12:45:47Z","timestamp":1667911547000},"page":"7871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis on Deflection of Projectile Penetrating into Composite Concrete Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingxiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Defense Engineering, AMS, PLA, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xigui","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Defense Engineering, AMS, PLA, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Non-Metallic Materials Institute, Jinan 250031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6184-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijiang","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2005.04.005","article-title":"Local impact effects of hard missiles on concrete targets","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2014.07.015","article-title":"Design of composite SC wall to prevent perforation from missile impact","volume":"75","author":"Bruhl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-743X(92)90282-X","article-title":"Perforation of concrete slabs with 48 MPa (7ksi) and 140 MPa (20ksi) unconfined compressive strengths","volume":"12","author":"Hanchak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-743X(95)00048-F","article-title":"Penetration of grout and concrete targets with ogive-nose steel projectiles","volume":"18","author":"Forrestal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(02)00108-2","article-title":"Penetration of concrete targets with deceleration-time measurements","volume":"28","author":"Forrestal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2005.01.012","article-title":"The effect of concrete target diameter on projectile deceleration and penetration depth","volume":"32","author":"Frew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(02)00037-4","article-title":"Dimensionless formulae for penetration depth of concrete target impacted by a non-deformable projectile","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1331283","article-title":"Penetration experiments with limestone targets and ogive-nose steel projectiles","volume":"67","author":"Frew","year":"2000","journal-title":"ASMEJ Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112295","article-title":"Resistance of Multi-Layered UHPFRC against in-service projectile: Experimental Investigation and Modelling Prediction","volume":"244","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2022.104191","article-title":"Research on the acceleration phenomenon of projectile leaving the target when penetrating thick concrete target","volume":"164","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2897183","article-title":"Penetration of strain-hardening targets with rigid spherical-nose rods","volume":"58","author":"Forrestal","year":"1991","journal-title":"ASME J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(99)00117-7","article-title":"Penetration of 6061-T6511 Aluminum targets by ogive-nose steel projectiles with striking velocities between 0.5 and 3.0 km\/s","volume":"23","author":"Piekutowiski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(99)00033-0","article-title":"Penetration experiments with 6061-T6511 aluminum targets and spherical-nose steel projectiles at striking velocities between 0.5 and 3.0 km\/s","volume":"24","author":"Forrestal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1480820","article-title":"Penetration limit velocity for ogive-nose projectiles and limestone targets","volume":"69","author":"Forrestal","year":"2002","journal-title":"ASME J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(03)00092-7","article-title":"Penetration into low-strength (23MPa) concrete: Target characterization and simulations","volume":"30","author":"Warren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-743X(87)90096-0","article-title":"Penetration into semi-infinite reinforced-concrete targets with spherical and ogival-nose projectiles","volume":"6","author":"Luk","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7683(97)00017-6","article-title":"A spherical cavity-expansion penetration model for concrete targets","volume":"34","author":"Forrestal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Alekseevskii, V.P. (1966). Penetration of a Rod into a Target at High Velocity. Combustion, Explosions and Shock Waves, Faraday Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(69)90028-3","article-title":"Further results in the theory of long rod penetration","volume":"17","author":"Tate","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2009.04.005","article-title":"Flat ended projectile penetrating ultra-high strength concrete plate target","volume":"51","author":"Tai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-743X(95)00063-G","article-title":"High strength concrete response to hard projectile impact","volume":"18","author":"Dancygier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2004.04.009","article-title":"Resistance of high-strength concrete to projectile impact","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2006.09.094","article-title":"Response of high performance concrete plates to impact of non-deforming projectiles","volume":"34","author":"Dancygier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2013.04.007","article-title":"Effect of projectile impact and penetration on the phase composition and microstructure of high performance concretes","volume":"41","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2010.07.036","article-title":"Local damage to ultra high performance concrete structures caused by an impact of aircraft engine missiles","volume":"240","author":"Riedel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2016.03.012","article-title":"Response of steel-tube-confined concrete targets to projectile impact","volume":"94","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2019.05.004","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the cellular steel-tube-confined concrete targets against projectile impact","volume":"131","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, K.L. (1985). Contact Mechanics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139171731"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2787319","article-title":"Coefficient of restitution for collinear collisions of elastic-perfectly plastic spheres","volume":"64","author":"Thornton","year":"1997","journal-title":"ASME J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Tao, X., and Xue, Y. (2022). Analytical investigation of ricochet range of ogive-shaped nose projectile obliquely penetrating thick steel target. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12094692"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(98)00031-1","article-title":"Non-ideal projectile impact on targets","volume":"22","author":"Goldsmith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2021.05.005","article-title":"Experimental study on anti-penetration mechanism of bolted composite protective structure with limited span under impact of low-velocity projectile","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2021.09.009","article-title":"Investigation of the mechanical and ballistic properties of hybrid carbon\/ aramid woven laminates","volume":"18","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2022.104391","article-title":"Ballistic limit predictions of non-identical layered targets perforated in ductile hole formation","volume":"171","author":"Masri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2022.104359","article-title":"Ballistic penetration of deforming metallic plates: Experimental and numerical investigation","volume":"170","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2022.104312","article-title":"Deformation and fracture mechanism of Ti-6Al-4V target at high and hyper velocity impact","volume":"169","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2021.08.001","article-title":"Ballistic response of armour plates using generative adversarial networks","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2022.104340","article-title":"Implementation of Johnson-Holmquist-Beissel model in four-dimensional lattice spring model and its application in projectile penetration","volume":"170","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2022.104258","article-title":"Performance of sandwich cladding with modular truncated square pyramid foldcore under projectile impact","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2022.104288","article-title":"Resistance of composite target against combined effects of large caliber projectile penetration and successive charge explosion","volume":"168","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slimane, S.A., Slimane, A., Guelailia, A., Boudjemai, A., Kebdani, S., Smahat, A., and Mouloud, D. (2021). Hypervelocity impact on honeycomb structure reinforced with bi-layer ceramic\/aluminum facesheets used for spacecraft shielding. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct.","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2021.1931991"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, K., Feng, S., Chen, Z., Zhao, T., Yin, L., and Fu, J. (2021). Study on the Penetration Performance of a 5.8 mm Ceramic Composite Projectile. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14040721"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/22\/7871\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:12:20Z","timestamp":1760145140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/22\/7871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15227871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15227871","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]}}}