{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:07:20Z","timestamp":1786525640259,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["R.G.P. 2\/246\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.G.P. 2\/246\/43"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["PRGS\/2\/2019\/STG05\/UPM\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRGS\/2\/2019\/STG05\/UPM\/03\/1"]}]},{"name":"Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education and University Putra Malaysia","award":["R.G.P. 2\/246\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.G.P. 2\/246\/43"]}]},{"name":"Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education and University Putra Malaysia","award":["PRGS\/2\/2019\/STG05\/UPM\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRGS\/2\/2019\/STG05\/UPM\/03\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gaseous pollutants such as hydrogen gas (H2) are emitted in daily human activities. They have been massively studied owing to their high explosivity and widespread usage in many domains. The current research is designed to analyse optical fiber-based H2 gas sensors by incorporating palladium\/graphene oxide (Pd\/GO) nanocomposite coating as sensing layers. The fabricated multimode silica fiber (MMF) sensors were used as a transducing platform. The tapering process is essential to improve the sensitivity to the environment through the interaction of the evanescent field over the area of the tapered surface area. Several characterization methods including FESEM, EDX, AFM, and XRD were adopted to examine the structure properties of the materials and achieve more understandable facts about their functional performance of the optical sensor. Characterisation results demonstrated structures with a higher surface for analyte gas reaction to the optical sensor performance. Results indicated an observed increment in the Pd\/GO nanocomposite-based sensor responses subjected to the H2 concentrations increased from 0.125% to 2.00%. The achieved sensitivities were 33.22\/vol% with a response time of 48 s and recovery time of 7 min. The developed optical fiber sensors achieved excellent selectivity and stability toward H2 gas upon exposure to other gases such as ammonia and methane.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15228167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T06:11:34Z","timestamp":1668751894000},"page":"8167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Palladium\/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Hydrogen Gas Sensing Applications Based on Tapered Optical Fiber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7989-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Majeed","family":"Alkhabet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonics Network Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Instrumentations Techniques Engineering, Al-Rasheed University College, Baghdad 10053, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaher Mundher","family":"Yaseen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moutaz Mustafa A.","family":"Eldirderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4167-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled Mohamed","family":"Khedher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Technological Studies, Mrezgua University Campus, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4827-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali H.","family":"Jawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7038-0972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad Hayatu","family":"Girei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonics Network Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Mubi 650113, Adamawa State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4267-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husam Khalaf","family":"Salih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering Techniques, Al-Rasheed University College, Baghdad 10053, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1459-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suriati","family":"Paiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4543-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norhana","family":"Arsad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Adzir","family":"Mahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonics Network Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3026-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Hanif","family":"Yaacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonics Network Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.05.062","article-title":"Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine","volume":"43","author":"Dimitriou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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