{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:56:50Z","timestamp":1792040210379,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper deals with the effects of three low-carbon steel filler metals consisting of ferritic and austenitic phases on the weld joints of the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of Hardox 500 steel. The correlation between the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld joints was investigated. For this purpose, macro and microstructure were examined, and then microhardness, tensile, impact, and fracture toughness tests were carried out to analyze the mechanical properties of joints. The results of optical microscopy (OM) images showed that the weld zones (WZ) of all three welds were composed of different ferritic morphologies, including allotriomorphic ferrite, Widmanst\u00e4tten ferrite, and acicular ferrite, whereas the morphology of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) showed the various microstructures containing mostly ferrite and pearlite phases. Further, based on mechanical tests, the second filler with ferritic microstructure represented better elongation, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, impact toughness, and fracture toughness due to having a higher amount of acicular ferrite phase compared to the weld joints concerning the other fillers consisting of austenitic and ferritic-austenitic. However, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images on the fracture surfaces of the tensile test showed a ductile-type fracture with a large number of deep and shallow voids while on the fracture surfaces resulting from the Charpy impact tests and both ductile and cleavage modes of fracture took place, indicating the initiation and propagation of cracks, respectively. The presence of acicular ferrite as a soft phase that impedes the dislocation pile-up brings about the ductile mode of fracture while inclusions may cause stress concentration, thus producing cleavage surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15228196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T06:11:34Z","timestamp":1668751894000},"page":"8196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Microstructure, Fractography, and Mechanical Properties of Hardox 500 Steel TIG-Welded Joints by Using Different Filler Weld Wires"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma","family":"Haowei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdireza","family":"Yarigarravesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Adjunct Faculty, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-8639, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Hossein","family":"Assari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz 551335-1996, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8243-7860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moslem","family":"Tayyebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Modarres Blvd., Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6237-5938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morteza","family":"Tayebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5672-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bejan","family":"Hamawandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, M.M., Abdelazem, K.A., El-Sayed Seleman, M.M., Alzahrani, B., Touileb, K., Jouini, N., El-Batanony, I.G., and El-Aziz, H.M.A. (2021). 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