{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T09:33:55Z","timestamp":1779010435022,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-69-47059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-69-47059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-63-47027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-63-47027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2022-1114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-1114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["20-69-47059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-69-47059"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["20-63-47027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-63-47027"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2022-1114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-1114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper evaluates the fatigue strength of ultrafine-grained (UFG) Grade 4 Ti in the low-cycle fatigue region, as well as the strength of medical implants (plates and screws) made of UFG Ti under various types of loading in comparison with the strength of products made of coarse-grained (CG) Ti. To produce a UFG state, titanium billets after annealing were processed by the ECAP-Conform technique. The fatigue of the prismatic specimens with a thickness of 10 mm from CG and UFG Ti was tested by the three-point bending method using an Instron 8802 facility. The modeling and evaluation of the stress-strain state in the ANSYS software package for finite-element analysis revealed, in particular, the localization of equivalent stresses in the area of hole edges and at fillets during the tension of the plates. The performed research has demonstrated that medical implants (plates and screws) from UFG Grade 4 Ti have a higher strength under different types of loading (tension, fatigue strength, torsion) in comparison with products from CG Ti. This opens up a possibility for the miniaturization of medical products from UFG Ti while preserving their main performance properties at an acceptable level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15238403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:38:49Z","timestamp":1669621129000},"page":"8403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Strength of Products Made of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium for Bone Osteosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gennadiy V.","family":"Klevtsov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology, Materials Science and Mechanics, Togliatti State University, 14 Belorusskaya St., 445020 Togliatti, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruslan Z.","family":"Valiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials, \u201cHigher Engineering School of Aerospace Technologies\u201d Center, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Dynamics and Extreme Characteristics of Promising Nanostructured Materials, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiza R.","family":"Rezyapova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Z. Validi St., 450076 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natal\u2019ya A.","family":"Klevtsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology, Materials Science and Mechanics, Togliatti State University, 14 Belorusskaya St., 445020 Togliatti, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1828-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksim N.","family":"Tyurkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology, Materials Science and Mechanics, Togliatti State University, 14 Belorusskaya St., 445020 Togliatti, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8655-4191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail L.","family":"Linderov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Progressive Technologies, Togliatti State University, 14 Belorusskaya St., 445020 Togliatti, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maksim V.","family":"Fesenyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC \u201cProduction Association \u201cStrela\u201d, 26 Shevchenko St., 460005 Orenburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olesya A.","family":"Frolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Mechanics of Materials, Structures and Machines, Orenburg State University, 13 pr. Pobedy, 460018 Orenburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Froes, F., and Qian, M. (2018). Titanium in Medical and Dental Applications, Woodhead Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safavi, M.S., Bordbar-Khiabani, A., Khalil-Allafi, J., Mozafari, M., and Visai, L. (2022). Additive manufacturing: An Opportunity for the fabrication of near-net-shape NiTi implants. J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp6030065"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1649-1","article-title":"Perivascular and diffuse lymphocytic inflammation are not specific for failed metal-on-metal hip implants","volume":"469","author":"Fujishiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"41","article-title":"Fracture of implants in the osteosynthesis of long bone fractures","volume":"2","author":"Bondarenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Traumatol. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valiev, R.Z., Zhilyaev, A.P., and Langdon, T.G. (2014). Bulk Nanostructured Materials: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118742679"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-081720-123248","article-title":"Using severe plastic deformation to produce nanostructured materials with superior properties","volume":"52","author":"Valiev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Rosochowski, A. (2017). Severe Plastic Deformation Technology, Whittles Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2019.03.002","article-title":"Manufacturing a curved profile with fine grains and high strength by differential velocity sideways extrusion","volume":"140","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201500542","article-title":"Nanostructured titanium for maxillofacial mini-implants","volume":"18","author":"Semenova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2003.12.022","article-title":"Three strategies to achieve uniform tensile deformation in a nanostructured metal","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"103","article-title":"Enhanced ductility of nanocrystalline and ultrafine-grained metals","volume":"30","author":"Langdon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2018.07.016","article-title":"Mechanical and clinical properties of titanium and titanium-based alloys (Ti G2, Ti G4 cold worked nanostructured and Ti G5) for biomedical applications","volume":"8","author":"Elias","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klevtsov, G.V., Valiev, R.Z., Klevtsova, N.A., Tyurkov, M.N., Linderov, M.L., Abramova, M.M., Raab, A.G., and Minasov, T.B. (2021). Strength and fracture mechanism of an ultrafine-grained austenitic steel for medical applications. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247739"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2009.06.022","article-title":"Fatigue behaviour of light alloys with ultrafine grain structure produced by severe plastic deformation: An overview","volume":"32","author":"Estrin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zehetbauer, M.J., and Zhu, Y.T. (2009). Bulk Nanostructured Materials, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527626892"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(02)00010-2","article-title":"Improvement of high-cycle fatigue life in a 6061 Al alloy produced by equal channel angular pressing","volume":"337","author":"Chung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-9773(99)00392-X","article-title":"Fatigue properties of 5056 Al-Mg alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing","volume":"11","author":"Vinogradov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nanostruct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2005.06.027","article-title":"Fatigue crack propagation in ultrafine grained Al-Mg alloy","volume":"27","author":"Pao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2009.05.004","article-title":"Fatigue properties and crack behavior of ultra-fine and nanocrystalline pure metals","volume":"31","author":"Cavaliere","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2010.02.011","article-title":"Fatigue crack growth resistance of ECAP ultrafine-grained copper","volume":"77","author":"Collini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Frac. Mech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(02)00178-8","article-title":"Fatigue properties of ultrafine grained low carbon steel produced by equal channel angular pressing","volume":"340","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2005.06.035","article-title":"Fatigue behavior of nanocrystalline metals and alloys","volume":"27","author":"Hanlon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7426","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-008-2725-8","article-title":"Crack growth in ultrafine-grained AA6063 produced by equal-channel angular pressing","volume":"43","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2004.05.012","article-title":"Fatigue and microstructure of ultrafine-grained metals produced by severe plastic deformation","volume":"51","author":"Mughrabi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scripta Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.584-586.815","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties affecting crack growth behavior in AA6060 produced by equal-channel angular extrusion","volume":"584\u2013586","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2008.07.075","article-title":"Enhanced fatigue strength of commercially pure Ti processed by severe plastic deformation","volume":"503","author":"Semenova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.584-586.827","article-title":"Cycling of ultrafine-grained Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy: Microstructural changes and enhanced fatigue limit","volume":"584\u2013586","author":"Saitova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2007.12.002","article-title":"Relationship between surface properties (roughness, wettability and morphology) of titanium and dental implant removal torque","volume":"1","author":"Elias","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(1995). Implants for Surgery. Metal Bone Screws with Asymmetrical Thread and Spherical Under-Surface Mechanical Requirements and Test Methods (Standard No. GOST R 50581-93 (ISO 6475-89))."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(1995). Implants for Surgery. Metal Bone Screws with Hexogonal Drive Connection, Spherical Under-Surface of Head Asymmetrical Thread. Dimensions (Standard No. GOST R 50582-93 (ISO 2835-91))."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Botvina, L.R. (1989). Fracture Kinetics of Structural Materials, Nauka."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Klevtsov, G.V., Botvina, L.R., Klevtsova, N.A., and Limar, L.V. (2007). Fractodiagnostics of Fracture of Metallic Materials and Structures, MISiS."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"59","article-title":"Feature of damage of implants from metallic alloys","volume":"1","author":"Meisner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zabaikalsky Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Broek, D. (1974). Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Noordhoff International Publishing."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/23\/8403\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:47Z","timestamp":1760146007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/23\/8403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15238403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15238403","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]}}}