{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:14:07Z","timestamp":1792635247522,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L2-8184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2-8184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L2-1836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2-1836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive technologies enable the flexible production through scalable layer-by-layer fabrication of simple to intricate geometries. The existing 3D-printing technologies that use powders are often slow with controlling parameters that are difficult to optimize, restricted product sizes, and are relatively expensive (in terms of feedstock and processing). This paper presents the development of an alternative approach consisting of a CAD\/CAM + combined wire arc additive-manufacturing (WAAM) hybrid process utilizing the robotic MIG-based weld surfacing and milling of the AlSi5 aluminum alloy, which achieves sustainably high productivity via structural alloys. The feasibility of this hybrid approach was analyzed on a representative turbine blade piece. SprutCAM suite was utilized to identify the hybrid-manufacturing parameters and virtually simulate the processes. This research provides comprehensive experimental data on the optimization of cold metal transfer (CMT)\u2013WAAM parameters such as the welding speed, current\/voltage, wire feed rate, wall thickness, torch inclination angle (shift\/tilt comparison), and deposit height. The multi-axes tool orientation and robotic milling strategies, i.e., (a) the side surface from rotational one-way bottom-up and (b) the top surface in a rectangular orientation, were tested in virtual CAM environments and then adopted during the prototype fabrication to minimize the total fabrication time. The effect of several machining parameters and robotic stiffness (during WAAM + milling) were also investigated. The mean deviation for the test piece\u2019s tolerance between the virtual processing and experimental fabrication was \u22120.76 mm (approx.) at a standard deviation of 0.22 mm assessed by 3D scanning. The surface roughness definition Sa in the final WAAM pass corresponds to 36 \u00b5m, which was lowered to 14.3 \u00b5m after milling, thus demonstrating a 55% improvement through the robotic comminution. The tensile testing at 0\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 orientations reported fracture strengths of 159 and 161.3 MPa, respectively, while the yield stress and reduced longitudinal (0\u00b0) elongations implied marginally better toughness along the WAAM deposition axes. The process sustainability factors of hybrid production were compared with Selective Laser Melting (SLM) in terms of the part size freedom, processing costs, and fabrication time with respect to tight design tolerances. The results deduced that this alternative hybrid-processing approach enables an economically viable, resource\/energy feasible, and time-efficient method for the production of complex parts in contrast to the conventional additive technologies, i.e., SLM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15238631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T07:07:31Z","timestamp":1670224051000},"page":"8631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sustainable Hybrid Manufacturing of AlSi5 Alloy Turbine Blade Prototype by Robotic Direct Energy Layered Deposition and Subsequent Milling: An Alternative to Selective Laser Melting?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jaka","family":"Dugar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva cesta 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4272-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awais","family":"Ikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva cesta 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6130-0328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damjan","family":"Klob\u010dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva cesta 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franci","family":"Pu\u0161avec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva cesta 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2019.100578","article-title":"3D printing of Aluminium alloys: Additive Manufacturing of Aluminium alloys using selective laser melting","volume":"106","author":"Aboulkhair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. 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