{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T04:05:31Z","timestamp":1773893131787,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007059","name":"Palack\u00fd University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IGA_PrF_2022_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGA_PrF_2022_003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007059","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007059","name":"Palack\u00fd University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_049\/0008408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_049\/0008408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007059","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports","award":["IGA_PrF_2022_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGA_PrF_2022_003"]}]},{"name":"Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_049\/0008408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/17_049\/0008408"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stainless steels have the advantage of forming a protective surface layer to prevent corrosion. This layer results from phase and structural changes on the steel surface. Stainless steel samples (1.4404, 316L), whose alloying elements include Cr, Ni, Mo, and Mn, were subjected to the study of the surface layer. Prism-shaped samples (25 \u00d7 25 \u00d7 3) mm3 were made from CL20ES stainless steel powder, using selective laser melting. After sandblasting with corundum powder and annealing at 550 \u00b0C for different periods of time (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 h), samples were studied by conversion X-ray M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy (CXMS), conversion electron M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy (CEMS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The main topics of the research were surface morphology and elemental and phase composition. The annealing of stainless steel samples resulted in a new surface layer comprising leaf-shaped crystals made of chromium oxide. The crystals grew, and their number increased as annealing time was extended. The amount of chromium increased in the surface layer at the expense of iron and nickel, and the longer the annealing time was set, the more chromium was observed in the surface layer. Iron compounds (BCC iron, mixed Fe\u2013Cr oxide) were found in the surface layer, in addition to chromium oxide. BCC iron appeared only after annealing for at least 4 h, which is the initial time of austenitic\u2013ferritic transformation. Mixed Fe\u2013Cr oxide was observed in all annealed samples. All phase changes were observed in the surface layer at approximately 0.6 \u00b5m depth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15248871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T03:32:32Z","timestamp":1670902352000},"page":"8871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Phase Changes in the Surface Layer of Stainless Steel Annealed at a Temperature of 550 \u00b0C"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0715-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sedl\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd University, 17. Listopadu 1192\/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9880-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd University, 17. Listopadu 1192\/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6388-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslav","family":"Mashlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd University, 17. Listopadu 1192\/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Dol\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Park, Palack\u00fd University, \u0160lechtitel\u016f 21, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023000329514","article-title":"Oxidation Behavior at 900 \u00b0C of Austenitic, Ferritic, and Duplex Stainless Steels Manufactured by Powder Metallurgy","volume":"59","author":"Bautista","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oxid. 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