{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T02:33:03Z","timestamp":1789871583946,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anionic surfactants, such as sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (NaLAS), are utilized in various fields, including industry, household, and agriculture. The efficiency of their use in aqueous environments is significantly affected by the presence of cations, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in particular, as they can decrease the concentration of the surfactant due to precipitation. To understand cation\u2013sulfonate interactions better, we study both NaLAS colloidal solutions in the presence of CaCl2 and precipitates forming at higher salt concentrations. Upon addition of CaCl2, we find the surface tension and critical micelle concentration of NaLAS to decrease significantly, in line with earlier findings for alkylbenzylsulfonates in the presence of divalent cations. Strikingly, an increase in the surface tension is discernible above 0.6 g L\u20131 NaLAS, accompanied by the decrease of apparent micelle sizes, which in turn gives rise to transparent systems. Thus, there appears to be a second critical concentration indicating another micellar equilibrium. Furthermore, the maximum salt tolerance of the surfactant is 0.1 g L\u20131 Ca2+, above which rapid precipitation occurs yielding sparingly soluble CaLAS2\u22192H2O.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16020494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T02:00:57Z","timestamp":1672884057000},"page":"494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Binding of Ca2+ Ions to Alkylbenzene Sulfonates: Micelle Formation, Second Critical Concentration and Precipitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ad\u00e9l Anna","family":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szilveszter","family":"Ziegenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2066-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Janov\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7588-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rton","family":"Szabados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"B\u00fas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Kukovecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9406-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"K\u00f3nya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imre","family":"D\u00e9k\u00e1ny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e1l","family":"Sipos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5023-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bence","family":"Kutus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2016.11.007","article-title":"Most common surfactants employed in chemical enhanced oil recovery","volume":"3","author":"Negin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Petroleum"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2118\/115386-PA","article-title":"Recent advances in surfactant EOR","volume":"16","author":"Hirasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4157(00)00013-7","article-title":"The biodegradation of surfactants in the environment","volume":"1508","author":"Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. 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