{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T15:48:17Z","timestamp":1791733697316,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the results of physical modelling of the process of multi-pass rolling of a wire rod with controlled, multi-stage cooling. The main goal of this study was to verify the possibility of using a torsion plastometer, which allows conducting tests on multi-sequence torsion, tensile, compression and in the so-called complex strain state to physically replicate the actual technological process. The advantage of the research methodology proposed in this paper in relation to work published so far, is its ability to replicate the entire deformation cycle while precisely preserving the temperature of the deformed material during individual stages of the reproduced technological process and its ability to quickly and accurately determine selected mechanical properties during a static tensile test. Changes in the most important parameters of the process (strain, strain rate, temperature, and yield stress) were analyzed for each variant. After physical modelling, the material was subjected to metallographic and hardness tests. Then, on the basis of mathematical models and using measurements of the average grain size, chemical composition, and hardness, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and plasticity reserve were determined. The scope of the tests also included determining selected mechanical properties during a static tensile test. The obtained results were verified by comparing to results obtained under industrial conditions. The best variant was a variant consisting of physically replicating the rolling process in a bar rolling mill as multi-sequence non-free torsion; the rolling process in an NTM block (no twist mill) as non-free continuous torsion, with the total strain equal to the actual strain occurring at this stage of the technological process; and the rolling process in an RSM block (reducing and sizing mill) as tension, while maintaining the total strain value in this block. The differences between the most important mechanical parameters determined during a static tensile test of a wire rod under industrial conditions and the material after physical modelling were 1.5% for yield strength, approximately 6.1% for ultimate tensile strength, and approximately 4.1% for the relative reduction of the area in the fracture and plasticity reserve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16020578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T05:57:14Z","timestamp":1673243834000},"page":"578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Innovative Methodology for Physical Modelling of Multi-Pass Wire Rod Rolling with the Use of a Variable Strain Scheme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2287-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad B\u0142a\u017cej","family":"Laber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgy and Metal Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 19 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Nowoczesne walcownie walc\u00f3wki (Modern wire rod mills)","volume":"3","author":"Grosman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hut.-Wiadomo\u015bci Hut. 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