{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:51:33Z","timestamp":1792155093622,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52020105013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52020105013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52104365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52104365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022CFB894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52020105013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52020105013"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52104365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52104365"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022CFB894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB894"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-activity spherical TaNbTiZr refractory high-entropy alloy (REHA) powders were successfully prepared by electrode induction melting gas atomization (EIGA) and plasma rotating electrode process (PREP) methods. Both the EIGAed and PREPed TaNbTiZr RHEA powders have a single-phase body-centered cubic (BCC) structure and low oxygen content. Compared with the EIGAed powders, the PREPed powders exhibit higher sphericity and smoother surface, but larger particle size. The average particle sizes of the EIGAed and PREPed powders are 51.8 and 65.9 \u03bcm, respectively. In addition, both the coarse EIGAed and PREPed powders have dendritic structure, and the dendrite size of the EIGAed powders is larger than that of the PREPed powders. Theoretical calculation indicates that the cooling rate of the PREPed powders is one order of magnitude higher than that of the EIGAed powders during the solidification process, and the dendritic structure has more time to grow during EIGA, which is the main reason for the coarser dendrite size of the EIGAed powders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16020791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:57:33Z","timestamp":1673578653000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Preparation and Microstructure of High-Activity Spherical TaNbTiZr Refractory High-Entropy Alloy Powders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shenghan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6800-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuankui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2189-9476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0121-4","article-title":"High-entropy alloys","volume":"4","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmate.2022.100034","article-title":"Interstitial strengthening in fcc metals and alloys","volume":"1","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2021.05.049","article-title":"Dynamic deformation behavior of a FeCrNi medium entropy alloy","volume":"100","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2019.06.006","article-title":"Solid-solution strengthening in refractory high entropy alloys","volume":"175","author":"Coury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2020.05.023","article-title":"A novel supersaturated medium entropy alloy with superior tensile properties and corrosion resistance","volume":"186","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz4748","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz4748","article-title":"Temperature dependence of elastic and plastic deformation behavior of a refractory high-entropy alloy","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2022.08.046","article-title":"Refractory high-entropy alloys: A focused review of preparation methods and properties","volume":"142","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, X., Li, Y., Qi, Y., and Wang, B. (2022). Review on Preparation Technology and Properties of Refractory High Entropy Alloys. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15082931"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2010.05.014","article-title":"Refractory high-entropy alloys","volume":"18","author":"Senkov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2011.01.004","article-title":"Mechanical properties of Nb25Mo25Ta25W25 and V20Nb20Mo20Ta20W20 refractory high entropy alloys","volume":"19","author":"Senkov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2014.01.029","article-title":"Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high-entropy alloys","volume":"68","author":"Senkov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2011.09.033","article-title":"Microstructure and properties of a refractory NbCrMo0.5Ta0.5TiZr alloy","volume":"529","author":"Senkov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.11.012","article-title":"Phase equilibria, microstructure, and high temperature oxidation resistance of novel refractory high-entropy alloys","volume":"624","author":"Gorr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.130894","article-title":"Microstructurally stable nanocomposite WTaMoNb\/Cu prepared by mechanical alloying and hot pressing sintering","volume":"306","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2021.412851","article-title":"Temperature dependence of mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Ti(25+x)Zr25Nb25Ta(25-x) (x \u2264 20) refractory high entropy alloys: Influences of substitution of Ti for Ta","volume":"606","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2020.140169","article-title":"Cuboid-like nanostructure strengthened equiatomic Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta medium entropy alloy","volume":"798","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2018.07.008","article-title":"A novel quaternary equiatomic Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta medium entropy alloy (MEA)","volume":"101","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903855","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201903855","article-title":"Recent advances on high-entropy alloys for 3D printing","volume":"32","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/00325899.2022.2031718","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Wmotati Refractory High-Entropy Alloy by Employing Fluidised Powders","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Powder Metall."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.109462","article-title":"High-strength NbMoTaX refractory high-entropy alloy with low stacking fault energy eutectic phase via laser additive manufacturing","volume":"201","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ron, T., Leon, A., Popov, V., Strokin, E., Eliezer, D., Shirizly, A., and Aghion, E. (2022). Synthesis of Refractory High-Entropy Alloy WTaMoNbV by Powder Bed Fusion Process Using Mixed Elemental Alloying Powder. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4053495"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.165501","article-title":"Synthesis of WTaMoNbZr refractory high-entropy alloy powder by plasma spheroidization process for additive manufacturing","volume":"917","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.152757","article-title":"Preparation of spherical TaNbHfZrTi high-entropy alloy powders by a hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reaction and thermal plasma treatment","volume":"817","author":"Na","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2017.06.014","article-title":"Effect of atomization pressure on the breakup of TA15 titanium alloy powder prepared by EIGA method for laser 3D printing","volume":"143","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2019.07.015","article-title":"Characteristics and atomization behavior of Ti-6Al-4V powder produced by plasma rotating electrode process","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"91","article-title":"Cooling Rates of Prep Ti48al Alloy","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2021.07.062","article-title":"Effects of Process Parameters and Cooling Gas on Powder Formation During the Plasma Rotating Electrode Process","volume":"393","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.10.109","article-title":"Intensive Laser Repair through Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength Martensitic Stainless Steel Powders (I)-Powder Preparation, Laser Cladding and Microstructures and Properties of Laser-Cladded Metals","volume":"15","author":"Ning","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"076510","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ac10d1","article-title":"Characterization of Ti6Al4V powders produced by different methods for selective laser melting","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2020.107077","article-title":"Spark plasma sintering behavior of TaNbHfZrTi high-entropy alloy powder synthesized by hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reaction","volume":"130","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.06.072","article-title":"Microstructural characteristics and densification behavior of high-Nb TiAl powder produced by plasma rotating electrode process","volume":"132","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(00)01475-1","article-title":"A simplified model for gas atomization","volume":"304","author":"Vedovato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2018.08.057","article-title":"The influence of cooling rate on the microstructure and phase fraction of gas atomized NiAl3 alloy powders during rapid solidification","volume":"157","author":"Sang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2006.05.015","article-title":"Atomized droplet solidification as an equiaxed growth model","volume":"54","author":"Heringer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.12.064","article-title":"Multi-Stage Martensitic Transformation Behaviors and Microstructural Characteristics of Ti-Ni-Hf High Temperature Shape Memory Alloy Powders","volume":"781","author":"Yi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101423","article-title":"Numerical Simulation Study on Cooling of Metal Droplet in Atomizing Gas","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/2\/791\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:59Z","timestamp":1760119499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/2\/791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16020791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16020791","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]}}}