{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:35:51Z","timestamp":1782876951225,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports of the Slovak Republic","award":["VEGA 1\/0154\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0154\/19"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports of the Slovak Republic","award":["KEGA 046TUKE-4\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEGA 046TUKE-4\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports of the Slovak Republic","award":["KEGA 036TUKE-4\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEGA 036TUKE-4\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work focuses on joining steel to aluminum alloy using a novel method of joining by resistance spot welding with an insert element based on anticorrosive steel in combination with adhesive bonding. The method aims to reduce the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds by using short welding times and a different chemical composition of the insert element. In the experiment, deep-drawing low-carbon steel, HSLA zinc-coated steel and precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy 6082 T6 were used. Two types of adhesives\u2014one based on rubber and the other based on epoxy resin\u2014were used for adhesive bonding, while the surfaces of the materials joined were treated with a unique adhesion-improving agent based on organosilanes. The surface treatment improved the chemical bonding between the substrate and adhesive. It was proved, that the use of an insert element in combination with adhesive bonding is only relevant for those adhesives that have a load capacity just below the yield strength of the substrates. For bonded joints with higher load capacities, plastic deformation of the substrates occurs, which is unacceptable, and thus, the overall contribution of the insert element to the load capacity of the joint becomes negligible. The results also show that the combination of the resistance spot welding of the insert element and adhesive bonding facilitates the joining process of galvanized and nongalvanized steels with aluminum alloys and suppresses the effect of brittle intermetallic phases by minimizing the joining area and welding time. It is possible to use the synergistic effect of insert element welding and adhesive bonding to achieve increased energy absorption of the joint under stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16020864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:57:19Z","timestamp":1673845039000},"page":"864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Experimental Study of Steel\u2013Aluminum Joints Made by RSW with Insert Element and Adhesive Bonding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Guzanov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Materials and Computer Supported Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, M\u00e4siarska 74, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janette","family":"Brezinov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Materials and Computer Supported Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, M\u00e4siarska 74, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0645-417X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Materials and Computer Supported Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, M\u00e4siarska 74, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"D\u017eupon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 1935\/47, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Vojtko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 1935\/47, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Jano\u0161ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Materials and Computer Supported Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, M\u00e4siarska 74, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5101-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Vi\u0148\u00e1\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Materials and Computer Supported Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, M\u00e4siarska 74, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1327-322X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmar","family":"Draganovsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Materials and Computer Supported Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, M\u00e4siarska 74, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0143-6063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Ha\u0161u\u013e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Materials and Computer Supported Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, M\u00e4siarska 74, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119805","article-title":"Lightweight materials equal lightweight greenhouse gas emissions: A historical analysis of greenhouse gases of vehicle material substitution","volume":"253","author":"Kawajiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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