{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:46:57Z","timestamp":1760147217342,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 outbreak increased demand for personal protective respirator masks. Textile masks based on cloth materials appeared to be a sustainable, comfortable, and cost-effective alternative available in global communities. In this study, we used laser-based particle counting for mask material qualification to determine the concentration filtering efficiency in general, everyday community use. The efficiencies of eleven different commercially available textile materials were measured in single-, double-, and triple-layer configurations according to their grammage, mesh (XY), and inter-yarn gap. It was found that in the single-layer configurations, most materials were well below the acceptable standards, with a wide variation in filtering efficiency, which ranged from 5% to ~50%. However, when testing the fabrics in two or three layers, the efficiency increased significantly, exceeding or approaching the standard for medical masks. Three layers of natural silk was able to produce a level of filtration efficiency of 84.68%. Two-layered natural silk achieved 70.98%, cotton twill achieved 75.6%, and satin-weave viscose achieved 69.77%. Further options can also be considered in cases where lower filtration is acceptable It was statistically shown that applying a second layer was more significant in terms of overall filtering than increasing the layer count to three. However, layer stacking limited the breathability. The paper presents measurement-based qualitative and quantitative recommendations for future textile applications in face mask manufacturing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16030903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T03:04:44Z","timestamp":1674011084000},"page":"903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Filtering Efficiency of Sustainable Textile Materials Applied in Personal Protective Face Mask Production during Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Attila","family":"G\u00e9czy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering (K13113), Czech Technical University in Prague, Technick\u00e1 2, 1902\/2, Praha 6, Dejvice, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerg\u0151","family":"Havellant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9ka","family":"B\u00e1torfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8573-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Skwarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, 30-701 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karel","family":"Du\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering (K13113), Czech Technical University in Prague, Technick\u00e1 2, 1902\/2, Praha 6, Dejvice, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8110-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bu\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering (K13113), Czech Technical University in Prague, Technick\u00e1 2, 1902\/2, Praha 6, Dejvice, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8619-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Ill\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering (K13113), Czech Technical University in Prague, Technick\u00e1 2, 1902\/2, Praha 6, Dejvice, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30918-1","article-title":"Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: Altruism and solidarity","volume":"399","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2005.08.018","article-title":"Do N95 respirators provide 95% protection level against airborne viruses, and how adequate are surgical masks?","volume":"34","author":"Toivola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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