{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:46:56Z","timestamp":1788436016123,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BIOTECHMED-1 and BIOTECHMED-3 projects granted by the Warsaw University of Technology under the program Excellence Initiative: Research University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases facilitate a better understanding of the ongoing process. The study of biomedical fluid dynamics using non-intrusive visualizing methods on a micro-scale has become possible using a proper 3D printing process. The computed tomography scan of a patient with atherosclerosis was processed, and a 3D-printed artery with an inlet diameter of 4.2 mm was developed and measured using three different constant flow rates. To mimic blood, a solution of glycerin and water was used. The procedure to obtain a proper 3D-printed model using low-force stereolithography technology with high-quality optical access usable for PIV was described and discussed. The paper presents the results of PIV as multi-stitched, color-coded vector maps from the axis cross section along the whole 3D-printed model. The obtained data allowed a resolution of 100 \u00d7 100 \u00b5m per single vector to be achieved. Furthermore, the results of the stitched 16 base images of the artery and the 3D-printed model prepared were included. The results of this study show that 3D prints allow for the creation of the desired geometry and can be used to investigate severe pathologies of the human circulatory system. The strengths and weaknesses of this methodology were discussed and compared to other techniques used to obtain transparent objects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16031055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T01:30:30Z","timestamp":1674696630000},"page":"1055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Particle Image Velocimetry of 3D-Printed Anatomical Blood Vascular Models Affected by Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9991-8326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Antonowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurotek International Ltd., Skrzetuskiego 6, 02-726 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2445-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Wojtas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4033-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Makowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4263-893X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Orciuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3421-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Koz\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Zio\u0142owa 47, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/13\/7\/311","article-title":"Unsteady flow through a new mechanical heart valve prosthesis analysed by digital particle image velocimetry","volume":"13","author":"Steinseifer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meas. 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[40th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/3\/1055\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:15:20Z","timestamp":1760120120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/3\/1055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16031055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16031055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]}}}