{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T01:32:32Z","timestamp":1789781552354,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2021-572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of tempforming on the strength and fracture toughness of 0.4%C-2%Si-1%Cr-1%Mo-VNb steel was examined. Plate rolling followed by tempering at the same temperature of 600 \u00b0C increases yield stress by 25% and the Charpy V-notch impact energy by a factor of ~10. Increasing rolling reduction leads to the reorientation and elongation of grains toward the rolling direction (RD) and the development of a strong {001} &lt;110&gt; (rotated cube) texture component that highly enhances fracture toughness. A lamellar structure with a spacing of 72 nm between boundaries and a lattice dislocation density of ~1015 m\u22122 evolves after tempforming at 600 \u00b0C with a total strain of 1.4. Two types of delamination were found, attributed to crack branching and the propagation of secondary cracks along the rolling plane perpendicular to the propagation direction of the primary crack. Delamination toughness is associated with the nucleation of secondary cracks in RD and their propagation over a large distance. The critical condition for delamination toughness is the propagation of primary cracks by the ductile fracture mechanism and the propagation of secondary cracks by the brittle quasi-cleavage mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16031202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T01:35:45Z","timestamp":1675128945000},"page":"1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of Tempforming on Strength and Toughness of Medium-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Yuzbekova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Steels for Agricultural Machinery, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127550 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials and Superalloys, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5639-6583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeriy","family":"Dudko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Steels for Agricultural Machinery, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127550 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials and Superalloys, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4961-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Pydrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Steels for Agricultural Machinery, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127550 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Gaidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Steels for Agricultural Machinery, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127550 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2202-1518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Mironov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials and Superalloys, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rustam","family":"Kaibyshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Steels for Agricultural Machinery, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127550 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1179\/095066000771048791","article-title":"Development of Fracture Toughness of Ultrahigh Strength, Medium Carbon, Low Alloy Steels for Aerospace Applications","volume":"45","author":"Tomita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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