{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T17:05:16Z","timestamp":1761930316429,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for Research and Development, Warsaw, Poland","award":["III.PB.18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["III.PB.18"]}]},{"name":"Central Institute for Labor Protection\u2013National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland","award":["III.PB.18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["III.PB.18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the results of a study examining the protection time of half-masks containing different types and quantities of carbon sorbents. The protection time afforded by the half-masks was determined by analyzing the adsorption of three substances harmful to human health at their maximum allowable concentrations. Two of the tested half-masks showed comprehensive protection against pollutants contained in smog. Among the tested half-masks, the one with the best protective properties was identified. The longest protection time (over 8 h) was recorded for toluene, followed by over 7 h for sulfur dioxide, and only 2 h for cyclohexane. The morphological structure of nonwovens incorporating the carbon sorbents was examined under a microscope. The study showed that protection time depends on the size of activated carbon particles incorporated in the nonwoven structure as well as on their distribution. Based on these results, we identified the most effective morphological structure of the sorbent in the nonwovens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16031230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T01:36:59Z","timestamp":1675215419000},"page":"1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of the Sorption Layer on the Protection Time Provided by Anti-Smog Half-Masks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3386-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Brochocka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute, ul. Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliwia","family":"Owczarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute, ul. Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Wojtkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute, ul. Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"637","article-title":"Effectiveness of cococarb (activated carbon from coconut shell) as face mask filter","volume":"3","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Res. 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